To a simple graph $G=(V,E)$, we correspond a simple graph $G_{triangle,square}$ whose vertex set is ${{x,y}: x,yin V}$ and two vertices ${x,y},{z,w}in G_{triangle,square}$ are adjacent if and only if ${x,z},{x,w},{y,z},{y,w}in Vcup E$. The graph $G_{triangle,square}$ is called the $(triangle,square)$-edge graph of the graph $G$. In this paper, our ultimate goal is to provide a link between the ...

Let G be a group. A subset X of G is a set of pairwise noncommuting elements if xy ̸= yx for any two distinct elements x and y in X. If |X| ≥ |Y | for any other set of pairwise non-commuting elements Y in G, then X is said to be a maximal subset of pairwise non-commuting elements. In this paper we determine the cardinality of a maximal subset of pairwise non-commuting elements in any non-abelian...

a signed graph (marked graph) is an ordered pair $s=(g,sigma)$$(s=(g,mu))$, where $g=(v,e)$ is a graph called the underlyinggraph of $s$ and $sigma:erightarrow{+,-}$$(mu:vrightarrow{+,-})$ is a function. for a graph $g$, $v(g),e(g)$ and $c(g)$ denote its vertex set, edge set and cut-vertexset, respectively. the lict graph $l_{c}(g)$ of a graph $g=(v,e)$is defined as the graph having vertex set ...

Every symmetric polynomial p = p(x) = p(x1, . . . , xg) (with real coefficients) in g noncommuting variables x1, . . . , xg can be written as a sum and difference of squares of noncommutative polynomials:

‎let $s$ be a subset of a finite group $g$‎. ‎the bi-cayley graph ${rm bcay}(g,s)$ of $g$ with respect to $s$ is an undirected graph with vertex set $gtimes{1,2}$ and edge set ${{(x,1),(sx,2)}mid xin g‎, ‎ sin s}$‎. ‎a bi-cayley graph ${rm bcay}(g,s)$ is called a bci-graph if for any bi-cayley graph ${rm bcay}(g,t)$‎, ‎whenever ${rm bcay}(g,s)cong {rm bcay}(g,t)$ we have $t=gs^alpha$ for some $...

let g be a group. a subset x of g is a set of pairwise noncommuting elements if xy ̸= yx for any two distinct elements x and y in x. if |x| ≥ |y | for any other set of pairwise non-commuting elements y in g, then x is said to be a maximal subset of pairwise non-commuting elements. in this paper we determine the cardinality of a maximal subset of pairwise non-commuting elements in any non-abelian...

The results presented in this paper extend and complement the corresponding ones of Hussain-Jungck[Common fixed point and invariant approximation results for noncommuting generalized (f,g)-nonexpansive maps, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 321(2006), 851-861], and drop some restricts such as the continuity of f, g and demiclsedness of f − T . Mathematics Subject Classification: 41A50, 47H10, 54H25

the tenacity of a graph g, t(g), is dened by t(g) = min{[|s|+τ(g-s)]/[ω(g-s)]}, where the minimum is taken over all vertex cutsets s of g. we dene τ(g - s) to be the number of the vertices in the largest component of the graph g - s, and ω(g - s) be the number of components of g - s.in this paper a lower bound for the tenacity t(g) of a graph with genus γ(g) is obtained using the graph's...

Let G(V;E) be a graph. The common neighborhood graph (congraph) of G is a graph with vertex set V , in which two vertices are adjacent if and only if they have a common neighbor in G. In this paper, we obtain characteristics of congraphs under graph operations; Graph :::::union:::::, Graph cartesian product, Graph tensor product, and Graph join, and relations between Cayley graphs and its c...