This paper presents the first investigation on applying a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to both the Steiner tree problem and the delay constrained multicast routing problem. Steiner tree problems, being the underlining models of many applications, have received significant research attention within the meta-heuristics community. The literature on the application of meta-heuristics...

G-Frames in Hilbert spaces are a redundant set of operators which yield a representation for each vector in the space. In this paper we investigate the connection between g-frames, g-orthonormal bases and g-Riesz bases. We show that a family of bounded operators is a g-Bessel sequences if and only if the Gram matrix associated to its denes a bounded operator.

Avila and Molina [1] introduced the notion of generalized weak structures which naturally generalize minimal structures, generalized topologies and weak structures and the structures α(g),π(g),σ(g) and β(g). This work is a further investigation of generalized weak structures due to Avila and Molina. Further we introduce the structures ro(g) and rc(g) and study the properties of the structures r...

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g-frames in hilbert spaces are a redundant set of operators which yield a repre-sentation for each vector in the space. in this paper we investigate the connection betweeng-frames, g-orthonormal bases and g-riesz bases. we show that a family of bounded opera-tors is a g-bessel sequences if and only if the gram matrix associated to its denes a boundedoperator.