Although Gardner and his associates’ work was most influential in the field of L2 motivation, from the early 1990s onwards, their work has been criticized for several reasons. Some researchers claimed that integrative and instrumental orientations were no longer able to convey the complexity of the L2 motivation construct. To examine this complexity, the present study attempted to investigate t...

aim and background: depression and anxiety among students are important issues, because they lead to scholastic decline and develop many difficulties for students in the future. furthermore, adherence to religious beliefs and attitudes toward religion as a deterrent to many mental disorders, especially depression and anxiety, has attracted the attention of many psychologists. this study aimed t...

Literature on future orientation and motivation was examined for gender differences. Research revealed gender differences from five theoretical orientations: achievement motivation, future time orientation, possible selves, expectancy-value, and social-cognitive. Some of those differences seemed best explained in terms of generational differences in gender role expectations. Gender differences ...

Among educational philosophies and approaches, the social reconstruction philosophy with a futuristic approach can be helpful in overcoming the challenges that Iranian education will be facing in the near future, as it can predict the future based on the rapid developments and changes occurring at present. From this perspective, a positive outlook on the future can help clarifying the goals and...