We examine interferometric measurements of the topological charge of (non-Abelian) anyons. The target's topological charge is measured from its effect on the interference of probe particles sent through the interferometer. We find that superpositions of distinct anyonic charges a and a' in the target decohere (exponentially in the number of probes particles used) when the probes have nontrivial...

Ultrasonic irradiation of slurries produces high velocity impacts between solid metal particles that are sufficient to cause interparticle melting. Sonication of 5 mum Zn powder as a slurry in alkanes, for example, produces dense agglomerates 50 mum in diameter consisting of approximately 1000 fused particles. Particle size was found to be the most influential parameter in inducing local meltin...

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects African green monkey kidney cells via HAV cellular receptor 1 (havcr-1). The ectodomain of havcr-1 contains an N-terminal cysteine-rich immunoglobin-like region (D1), followed by a mucin-like region that extends D1 well above the cell surface. D1 is required for binding of HAV, and a soluble construct containing D1 fused to the hinge and Fc portions of human immu...

the human papillomavirus l1 major capsid protein (hpv l1), the basis of the current vaccines, self-assembles into virus-like particles (vlps). herein, we describe the expression and purification of recombinant hpv16 l1 in e. coli system. the l1 protein was generated in a fused form using an inducible expression system. the recombinant gst-l1 fusion protein migrated as a 82 kda protein in sds-pa...

New multicomponent domino reactions of arylglyoxals with pyrazol-5-amines have been established, providing selective access to unprecedented pyrazolo-fused 1,7-naphthyridines, 1,3-diazocanes, and pyrroles (up to 52 examples). The unreported dipyrazolo-fused 1,7-naphthyridines were regioselectively synthesized through a special double [3 + 2 + 1] heteroannulation accompanied by direct C-C format...

In a series of related experiments to evaluate the relative toxicity of inhaled radionuclides, beagles were exposed to aerosols containing relatively soluble (chloride) or relatively insoluble (fused clay) forms of 144-Ce and 90Sr. With the solubled 144-CeCl3, significant radiation doses were delivered to the lungs, liver, and skeleton whereas, after 90-SrCl2 exposure, the radiation dose was de...

Antifungal agents are causing different problems in the agriculture industry. Plants are using various defense mechanisms for resistance against fungal pathogens. Some examples of these mechanisms are making physical barriers, producing chemical components and pathogenesis-related proteins such as lipid transfer protein (LTP) and Osmotin which can inhibit the growth of fungi at micro-molar conc...

background: influenza outbreak has become a great lifethreateningdisease in the world. nasal vaccines can inducesystemic igg and mucosal iga antibody responses, whichestablish two layers of immune defense against the infectiouspathogens like influenza. mucosal vaccines must overcomeseveral limitations, including the mucociliary clearance andinefficient uptake of soluble antigens. therefore, nas...