The article in PNAS entitled, “How constraints affect the hunter’s decision to shoot a deer,” (1) develops and tests an extremely useful model of the way deer hunters behave in Norway. The authors, Diekert et al. (1), find that hunters, constrained by the number of deer that they can kill, by the number of days that they can hunt, and by social norms, adjust their selectivity regarding the anim...

Non-human animals have starred in countless productions of biological research. Whether they play the lead or supporting role depends on the nature of the investigation. These differences in the roles of animals affect nearly every facet of animal involvement, including: the choice of species, the sample size, the source of individuals, and the settings in which the animals are used. These role...

Jogee established that, if the victim was attacked in a manner different to that which accessory envisioned, will not be liable for resulting death, provided fatal act amounted ‘some overwhelming supervening [OSA]… nobody defendant’s shoes could have contemplated might happen and is of such character as relegate his acts history’. further suggests OSA has replaced fundamental difference rule (F...