A frequency synthesis is a combination of electrical system elements that results in the generation of one or many frequencies from one or a few reference sources. The fine frequency resolution, low spurious signals, accuracy and stability are most important for these devices. The frequency synthesizers are an essential part of any modern communication system. They generate clock and oscillator...

A family of frequency synthesizers is described. Each member of the family generates one of many equally-spaced frequencies by utilizing identical modules, the number of which is related to the number of possible frequencies. For any design in the family which uses frequency division in the modules, there exists a dual design which utilizes frequency multiplication. Block diagrams and formulas ...

A system for transferring vocal expressions separately from singing voices with accompaniment to singing voice synthesizers is described. The expressions appear as fluctuations in the fundamental frequency contour of the singing voice, such as vibrato, glissando, and kobushi. The fundamental frequency contour of the singing voice is estimated using the subharmonic summation in a limited frequen...

This thesis consists of six publications and an overview of the research topic, which is also a summary of the work. The research described in this thesis concentrates on the design of phase-locked loop radio frequency synthesizers for wireless applications. In particular, the focus is on the implementation of the prescaler, the phase detector, and the chargepump. This work reviews the requirem...

Version 4, 1 April 2003 A methodology is presented for modeling the jitter in a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) that is both accurate and efficient. The methodology begins by characterizing the noise behavior of the blocks that make up the PLL using transistor-level simulation. For each block, the jitter is extracted and provided as a parameter to behavioral models for inclusion in a high-level simulat...

Absiract-AZ fractiond-N frequency synthesis achieves low pham noise performance while daring the Phase-Locked h p (PLL) design constraints and reduces the desired channel spacing This paper reviews the recent advanced techniques on the implementation of fractiond-N frequency synthesizers and discusses their advuntages nnd disadvantages. It nlso addresses the design options and the asPodated tra...

Frequency synthesizer is a key building block of fully-integrated wireless communications systems. Design of a frequency synthesizer (FS) requires the understanding of not only the circuit-level but also of the transceiver system-level considerations. The FS design challenge involves strong trade-offs, and often conflicting requirements. In this tutorial, the general implementation issues and r...