Eight surface leads were found to account for the "total" waveform information in 282 patients (145 normal subjects, 59 patients with LVH, and 78 with myocardial infarction). In each patient the Frank leads were also reconstructed. After time normalization of the eight leads and the XYZ leads and division of the QRS complex into eight equal parts, the resulting variables (64 in the eight lead s...

This paper considers the possibility of spontaneous transition of aracemic mixture (composed of equal amounts of two enantiomeric species, say L and D) into a monochiral state (in which only one enantiomer, say L, is present). Transitions of this kind have been recently experimentally observed. A plausible approach to this phenomenon is a model put forward by Frank, based on simple laws of ...

Frank lead ECG/VCG changes with deep inspiration, expiration, and body position were investigated in 194 patients, 100 with an old myocardial infarction and the remaining 94 chosen as a representative sample of catheterization laboratory patients with a variety of cardiac conditions. In a subgroup of 144 of the patients, Frank lead records were made both at the fifth and the fourth intercostal ...

Waveform patterns of P, ST and T vector functions of Frank-lead rest and exercise vectorcardiograms (VCG) of 375 ostensibly normal males, aged 50-70 years, were evaluated by waveform vector analysis (WVA). This procedure suitably quantified waveform information, providing a stable reduced data base comprising mean vector (MV), gradient vector (GV), convex vector (CV), sigmoid vector (SV), and q...

A NUMBER of reports on normal ranges of corrected orthogonal electrocardiographic measurements have appeared in the literature.'-12 They were derived, however, from limited numbers of subjects and the types of electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic measurements varied largely from one study to another. The reported results are therefore not always strictly comparable. In spite of these li...