BACKGROUND One of the most important challenges about the Membrane Bio Reactors is membrane fouling. Fouling has been at the centre of a globe debate for more recent years. It leads to high operational and maintenance costs such as membrane damage and replacement of membrane. Membrane fouling is attributed to the physicochemical interactions between the bio fluid and membrane. In order to decre...

The potential benefits of optimal service scheduling for cleaning heat exchangers based on minimizing operating costs are explored. A demonstration is performed on a simulated 20 ton air-to-air vapor compression air conditioner. The costs of regular service schedules (indicative of current practice), minimal schedules needed to maintain comfort, and the optimal schedules are compared. Generally...

Abstract: RO membrane fouling is one of the main challenges that membrane manufactures, the scientific community and industry professionals have to deal with. The consequences of this inevitable phenomenon have a negative effect on the performance of the desalination system. Predicting fouling in RO systems is key to evaluating the long-term operating conditions and costs. Much research has bee...

Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane fouling is one of the main challenges that membrane manufactures, the scientific community and industry professionals have to deal with. The consequences of this inevitable phenomenon have a negative effect on the performance of the desalination system. Predicting fouling in RO systems is key to evaluating the long-term operating conditions and costs. Much research...

Industrial wastewater treatment from cattle slaughterhouses traditionally use dissolved air floatation (DAF) to remove the high organic content of fat, oil and grease (FOG) from wastewaters and recover them for producing other products, including tallow, gelatine and food additives. Dissolved air floatation presents several operating difficulties including the large size, high energy use and od...

Fouling of the inside of tubes in crude oil preheat systems increases pressure drop and pumping costs. In this paper, a method is proposed for optimizing crude oil velocity to reduce fouling of the heat exchanger tubes thereby maintaining heat transfer rates and reducing pressure drop. A simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to describe and optimize the interactions between heat transfer, p...

Despite technological advances of several desalination processes such as reverse osmosis, still considerable proportion of installed units are thermally driven processes which their efficiency can severely be reduced by the formation of fouling deposits on heat transfer surfaces. For many years, it has been practical strategy to avoid fouling rather than facing it. Some of these strategies are ...

Making links between ecological processes and the scales at which they operate is an enduring challenge of community ecology. Our understanding of ecological communities cannot advance if we do not distinguish larger scale processes from smaller ones. Variability at small spatial scales can be important because it carries information about biological interactions, which cannot be explained by e...

Cereal Chem. 83(3):311–314 Dry-grind corn processing facilities produce ethanol, carbon dioxide, and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). To produce DDGS, drygrind corn processors concentrate thin stillage in multieffect evaporators. Concentration of thin stillage uses large amounts of energy, and efficient operation is important for long-term economic stability of the industry. Little...

Pressure-driven membrane filtration is an essential part in the juice industry as a tool for clarification and concentration due to its low-temperature treatment, high selectivity, lower energy consumption. However, fouling compromises these benefits significantly reduces performance durability, hence increasing operating maintenance costs. This paper reviews recent advances related processing ...