in this paper, by using the survival models, survival functions for the time from birth to the event of using formula (i.e. the time that baby in fed by breast milk) in urban and rural areas of takestan (iran, winter 1998) are reported. later the relation between the mentioned time and some factors are also discussed. the kaplan-meire method and cox regression are used in this paper as well. 48...

Background: Currently available preterm formulas with energy contents of 3350 kJ (800 kcal)/L promote weight and length gain at rates at or above intrauterine growth rates but disproportionately increase total body fat. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether fat accretion in formula-fed, very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants could be decreased and net protein gain mainta...

We investigated whether a regular formula for premature infants (pre) supplemented with ribonucleotides (pre+RN) raises erythrocyte and plasma cholesterol ester (CE) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) of low-birth-weight babies (< or = 2.50 kg) compared with their breast-fed counterparts. From days 11 to 42, 31 babies received the pre formula and 37 received pre+RN. Eleven breast-...

The independent contributions of formula and water to the total fluoride (F) intake from the diet of formula-fed infants is not fully documented. Although the precise timing and mechanism by which dental fluorosis occurs has not been fully defined, water F levels can be an important consideration in the risk of dental fluorosis for formula-fed infants. An assessment of 1,308 participants younge...

BACKGROUND Formula-fed infants have growth and plasma amino acid patterns different from those of breastfed infants. OBJECTIVE alpha-Lactalbumin is a major protein in human milk, and the addition of bovine alpha-lactalbumin to infant formula has been proposed to modify the plasma amino acid pattern of the recipient infant, possibly allowing a reduction in the protein content of the formula, w...

We examined the effects of breast and formula feeding during infancy on the serum lipoproteins and on atherosclerosis in young adult baboons. Baboons were breast-fed (n = 13) or formula-fed (n = 32) until weaning at 16 weeks of age and thereafter they were fed a diet containing 1.7 mg cholesterol/kcal and 40% of calories as lard until 5 years of age. At 12 weeks of age, breast-fed baboons had h...

Objective. Perceived intolerance to infant formula is a frequently reported reason for formula switching. Formula intolerance may be related to perceived symptoms of constipation, fussiness, abdominal cramps, and excessive spit-up or vomit. Commercially available formulas differ from each other in processing and in sources and levels of protein, lipids, and micronutrients. These differences may...

Objective. Perceived intolerance to infant formula is a frequently reported reason for formula switching. Formula intolerance may be related to perceived symptoms of constipation, fussiness, abdominal cramps, and excessive spit-up or vomit. Commercially available formulas differ from each other in processing and in sources and levels of protein, lipids, and micronutrients. These differences may...

OBJECTIVE Perceived intolerance to infant formula is a frequently reported reason for formula switching. Formula intolerance may be related to perceived symptoms of constipation, fussiness, abdominal cramps, and excessive spit-up or vomit. Commercially available formulas differ from each other in processing and in sources and levels of protein, lipids, and micronutrients. These differences may ...