Microbiology is a specialized area of biology dealing with organisms too small to be seen without sufficient magnification. Microbiologists study bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and prions and their interactions with humans, animals, plants, and the environment. While viruses and prions are not living organisms like bacteria, fungi, and parasites, they are studied by microbiologists; there...

Traceability exists in many food supply chains for valid economic reasons, one of which is improving food safety and quality. Some politicians and consumer groups are calling for increased identity preservation in systems where traceability has not yet been adopted. In this paper, we explore the implications of adding traceability to a food supply chain that already includes an inspection proto...

Field inspection is one of the core operations of municipalities. There are over ten types of field inspection in a typical municipality, including inspection of building, road digging, food sales, food processing services, ad signs, malls, city development projects, cattle slaughterhouses, lodging services, and the inspection team itself. Inspection activities are carried out either periodical...

Records of restaurant inspections by public healtb departments provide sequential "snapshots" of conditions in retail food service establishments that can be used to identil)' risk factors and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Data from a random 10 percent sample of restaurant inspection files from 31 counties in Oklahoma, including 4,044 inspections conducted during 19962000 in "med...

Folklorama in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, is a 14-day temporary food service event that explores the many different cultural realms of food, food preparation, and entertainment. In 2010, the Russian pavilion at Folklorama was implicated in a foodborne outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 that caused 37 illnesses and 18 hospitalizations. The ethnic nature and diversity of foods prepared within eac...