We have discovered that the immunoreactivity of the fluorophore Alexa Fluor 488 survives glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation and epoxy resin embedding and etching. We have developed new localization methods that for the first time take advantage of this property. The antigen is localized in cryosections using suitable primary antibody and an Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibod...

Many projects, such as multiplex-fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) karyotyping, require the use of relatively large amounts of multiple fluor- or hapten-labeled nucleotides for the preparation of DNA probes. Such a requirement makes these experimental approaches prohibitively expensive for many researchers. The cost of such nucleotides can be reduced approximately 99% by purchasing th...

Phycobiliproteins are brightly-fluorescent light-harvesting pigments for photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and red algae. They are also of interest as fluorescent biomarkers, but their heterologous generation in vivo has previously required multiple transformations. We report here a modular approach that requires only two DNA segments. The first codes for the apo-protein. The second codes for fus...

The fluorescent dyes, Alexa Fluor 488 and 594 are commonly used to visualize dendritic structures and the localization of synapses, both of which are critical for the spatial and temporal integration of synaptic inputs. However, the effect of the dyes on synaptic transmission is not known. Here we investigated whether Alexa Fluor dyes alter the properties of synaptic currents mediated by two su...

Background Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is one-third of vaginitis case. About 75% of women will have at least one episode of VVC. Complication of VVC can be unfavorable to impact the patient's quality of life. Knowing its risk factors can prevent someone suffering from pathological VVC and its sequelae. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors of VVC. Materials and Methods A d...

Penggunaan pasta gigi yang mengandung fluor untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan karies sudah direkomendasikan oleh dokter namun kurangnya informasi mengenai keamanan efektifitas penggunaan anak-anak, mengakibatkan pesan tidak konsisten rekomendasi anak-anak. Berbagai upaya dilakukan para ahli dapat memberikan bayi anak memaksimalkan efek pencegahan meminimalkan risiko fluorosis. Pasta gigi, termas...

Many tissues produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during reoxygenation after hypoxia or ischemia; however, whether ROS are formed during hypoxia is controversial. We tested the hypothesis that ROS are generated in skeletal muscle during exposure to acute hypoxia before reoxygenation. Isolated rat diaphragm strips were loaded with dihydrofluorescein-DA (Hfluor-DA), a probe that is oxidized to f...

Mold powders are used as raw materials in continuous casting of steel industry; Also they are mostly composed of aluminum, calcium, silica oxides, alkaline and earth-alkaline oxides along with carbon and fluor. Two of the most important duties of mold powders are the lubrication of the space between mold walls and steel shell, and heat transfer control between steel shell and the copper mold. F...