A screen for mutations affecting flower formation was carried out and several filamentous flower (fil) alleles were identified. In fil mutants, floral primordia occasionally give rise to pedicels lacking flowers at their ends. This defect is dramatically enhanced in fil rev double mutants, in which every floral primordium produces a flowerless pedicel. These data suggest that the FIL and REV ge...

BACKGROUND Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, the giant resin bee, is an adventive species in the United States. First established in the United States during the early 1990s, records currently exist from most states east of the Mississippi River along with Iowa and Kansas. NEW INFORMATION New distributional records are presented for Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, ...

In the last two decades the genetic and molecular research on floral development has advanced tremendously. Initially the research focused mostly on the two species of which the homeotic floral development mutants formed the basis for the ABC‐model: Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. In recent years the importance of studying a wider range of species, especially in an ‘‘evo‐devo’’ context, has become...

Insects use several senses to forage, detecting floral cues such as color, shape, pattern, and volatiles. We report a formerly unappreciated sensory modality in bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), detection of floral electric fields. These fields act as floral cues, which are affected by the visit of naturally charged bees. Like visual cues, floral electric fields exhibit variations in pattern and ...

Polymorphism of floral signals, such as colour and odour, is widespread in flowering plants and often considered to be adaptive, reflecting various pollinator preferences for particular floral traits. Several authors have recently hypothesized that particular associations exist between floral colour and scent, which would result from shared biochemistry between these two floral traits. In this ...

Although many genes that regulate floral development have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, relatively few are known in the grasses. In normal maize (Zea mays), each spikelet produces an upper and lower floral meristem, which initiate floral organs in a defined phyllotaxy before being consumed in the production of an ovule. The bearded-ear (bde) mutation affects floral development differ...

The control of floral organ identity by homeotic MADS box genes is well established in eudicots. However, grasses have highly specialized outer floral organs, and the identities of the genes that regulate the highly specialized outer floral organs of grasses remain unclear. In this study, we characterized a MIKC-type MADS box gene, CHIMERIC FLORAL ORGANS (CFO1), which plays a key role in the re...

in order to evaluate the different photoperiod and temperature sensitive pre-flowering phases in two cumin landraces a raciprocal transfer experiment from photoperiod 8 h to 16 h and vice versa under two different day/ night temperatures 20/10 and 30/20 ˚c was conducted. two model including ellis and adams were used to analyse the data and to quantify the duration of different developmental pha...