this study has examined the functional importance of nucleus accumbens (nac)-ventral tegmental area (vta) interactions. as it is known, this interaction is important in associative reward processes. under urethane anesthesia, extracellular single unit recordings of the shell sub-region of the nucleus accumbens (nacsh) neurons were employed to determine the functional contributions of the vta to...

introduction: although formalin-induced activity in primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal ‎horn is well described, the midbrain neural basis underlying each phase of behavior in ‎formalin test has not been clarified. the present study was designed to investigate the nucleus ‎cuneiformis (cnf)‎‏ ‏neuronal responses during two phases after subcutaneous injection of ‎formalin into the hind paw...

objective: it is well known that intracerebroventricular (icv) and supraspinal injections of orexin-a elicit analgesia, but the mechanism(s) of action remains unidentified. this study aims to characterize the effect of orexin-a on rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) neurons which are involved in the descending nociception modulating pathway. materials and methods: in this experimental study, we ...

background and aim: metal ceramic restorations are widely used in crowns. the marginal fitness of these artificial crowns is prone to alteration during the firing cycle of porcelain. gold electroformed metal-ceramic restorations have been introduced as alternatives to conventional metal-ceramic restorations. however little is known about the relationship between procelain firing procedures and ...

Some theoretical aspects of B physics are reviewed. These include a brief recapitulation of information on weak quark transitions as described by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix, descriptions of CP asymmetries in B decays to CP eigenstates and to self-tagging modes, a discussion of final-state phases in B and charm decays, some topics on Bs properties and decays, prospects for unusua...