Assessing the creditworthiness of prospective business partners is the first step in conducting trade. Traditionally the creditworthiness of partners was assessed using transactional methods, methods based on close observation of the other party and the heavy use of mostly subjective, soft information. During recent decades, however, these relational methods were largely replaced with transacti...

BACKGROUND Pesticide use on urban lawns and gardens contributes to environmental contamination and human exposure. Municipal policies to restrict use and educate households on viable alternatives deserve study. We describe the development and implementation of a cosmetic/non-essential pesticide bylaw by a municipal health department in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and assess changes in resident pra...

BACKGROUND This study examined the formulation, adoption, and implementation of a ban on smoking in the parks and beaches in Vancouver, Canada. METHODS Informed by Critical Multiplism, we explored the policy adoption process, support for and compliance with a local bylaw prohibiting smoking in parks and on beaches, experiences with enforcement, and potential health equity issues through a ser...

BACKGROUND Women bear a significant burden of the HIV epidemic in the United States. Women classified as 'HIV high-risk' often bring co-existing histories of intimate partner violence (IPV), drug use, and transactional sex. To help inform future comprehensive HIV prevention strategies, we aimed to explore common motivating reasons and barriers to leaving and/or terminating engagement in each of...

This study aimed to examine the risk factors for engaging in transactional sex among young females in Montserrado County, Liberia. Data from an HIV behavioral survey conducted among young people aged 14 - 25 years were used. The analytical sample included 493 sexually-experienced females. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. We found that 72% of our sample had ever engaged in tra...

The principles of information technology evaluation typically presume a transactional leadership style. This paper begins with the assumption that evaluation can be used in ways other than as the exercise of transactional leadership. It uses data drawn from a study of the expertise of UK Financial Directors to suggest some of the implications of transformational leadership for the exercise of e...

Medical staff attorney Snelson answers the Colloquium's charge, "What exactly has to change in the hospital-medical staff relationship for health care quality to be improved?" Her response emphasizes the logic of having clinicians vested with authority to establish policies concerning the clinical decision-making. The article discusses the cases defining the medical staff bylaws as contractual ...