festivals and celebrations are regarded as vitality and dynamism of each society. in pre-islamic iran, there have been as many as twenty four festivals. when iranians accepted islam, many islamic festivals were added to these national festivals. whereas one can find lots of information in tarikh-e-beihaghi, we can find little information in other historical books. meanwhile there is quite a lar...

Festivals have been proliferating worldwide, and local authorities are either supporting, or organizing small, local festivals to enhance the attractiveness of the destination for non-local visitors. Festivals are also very effective tools for developing destination image, revitalizing economy, culture, traditions, building civic pride, raising funds for special, civic or charitable projects, a...

In the early 19th century Łódź became a huge centre of textile production. However, the transformations in Poland after 1989 led to the decline of this industry. At present the city is looking for new forms of development, such as services, including tourism and culture. One of the most important elements of the cultural function in Łódź are film festivals, based on over 50 year long tradition ...

We report 52 cases of measles linked to music and arts festivals in England and Wales, between mid-June and mid-October 2016. Nearly half were aged 15 to 19 years. Several individuals who acquired measles at one festival subsequently attended another festival while infectious, resulting in multiple interlinked outbreaks. Transmission within festivals resulted in a geographical spread of cases n...

Despite the existence of a number of famous American music festivals in the 20th century there was no major annual production until the early 2000s. This paper examines what characteristics are important to current commercially successful music festivals when making hiring decisions. This decision is similar to other industries such as professional athletics and online video services including ...

This article addresses the sustainability of festival populations from the perspective of organizational ecology theory, and in particular age and density dependence. Data from whole populations of festivals in three Norwegian counties are examined. Analyses of festival start-ups demonstrate that the number of events in each county had risen faster than population growth before plateauing, and ...

Please note: Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite this paper. ABSTRACT This paper assesses the contribution of the Ecological Footprint as a...

Abstract Literary festivals have become authorities in the literary field, promoting works through charismatic persona of their author, and operating a transfer symbolic capital from most famous ones to newcomers. Some these are international, thus play role making world authorship literature. Based on quantitative qualitative study thirty-eight international festivals, this paper focuses way r...