This chapter considers the emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), other oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from agricultural soils to which nitrogen (N)-containing fertilizers are applied. For NH3, emissions following application of animal manures to land are considered in SNAP code 100900, Manure Manageme...

Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has escalated into an epidemic in North Central Province (NCP) and adjacent farming areas in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Studies have shown that this special type of CKD is a toxic nephropathy and arsenic may play a causative role along with a number of other heavy metals. We investigated the hypothesis that chemical fertilizers and pesticide cou...

Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary research field. In recent past efforts have been made to improve agricultural yield through exhaustive research in nanotechnology. The green revolution resulted in blind usage of pesticides and chemical fertilizers which caused loss of soil biodiversity and developed resistance against pathogens and pests as well. Nanoparticle-mediated material delivery to...

This article estimated the impacts of land fragmentation on production costs and input demands using panel data of Japanese rice farms┻ Empirical results reveal that fragmentation increases production costs and offsets economies of size┼ and that these impacts are strong especially for large size farms┻ This result implies that as the farm gets larger┼ emphasis should be switched from increasin...

A nematicide, dibromochloropropane; the fungicides benomyl and maneb; an insecticide, oxydisulfoton; the herbicides trifluralin, linuron, and dinoseb; and fertilizers were applied to Heterodera glycines-infested soil. A resistant soybean cultivar alone produced the highest yield in one test, and its yield was not affected by application of pesticides or fertilizer. In two tests the cultivar tha...

An understanding of agroecosystems is key to determining effective farming systems. Here we report results from a 21-year study of agronomic and ecological performance of biodynamic, bioorganic, and conventional farming systems in Central Europe. We found crop yields to be 20% lower in the organic systems, although input of fertilizer and energy was reduced by 34 to 53% and pesticide input by 9...

Agrochemical is evolved by the contraction and combination of words agricultural and chemical, and is a generic term used for the various chemical products typically used in agriculture. Agrochemicals essentially help in intensifying crop production and to reduce the effects of pests and parasites on farm animals. Agrochemical basically refers to the broad range of pesticides and fertilizers. A...

In the thirst of modernization and industrialization man has contributed pollution to the life and ecology of plants, animals and microbes. Increased demand for food and fiber has lead to the chemicalization of agriculture and we have reached on such a stage that modern agriculture is dependent on high yielding varieties, which can only be grown under the influence of fertilizers and pesticides...

OBJECTIVE To compare the use of water, energy, pesticides and fertilizer to produce commodities for two dietary patterns that vary in the content of plant and animal products. DESIGN A unique analysis using 'real-world' data was performed, in contrast to previous analyses which applied simulated data. Consumption data from the Adventist Health Study were used to identify two dietary patterns ...