The study examined whether the sex of older siblings influences the gender role development of younger brothers and sisters of age 3 years. Data on the Pre-School Activities Inventory, a measure of gender role behavior that discriminates within as well as between the sexes, were obtained in a general population study for 527 girls and 582 boys with an older sister, 500 girls and 561 boys with a...

This study evaluates issues concerning the potential relationship between androgyny (incorporating both male and female features) and Self-Actualisation (fulfilment of one’s fullest potential) while evaluating their role in feminine and non-feminine occupations. 119 participants (half employed in Traditionally-Feminine occupations and the other half in Non-Feminine jobs) answered the Bem Sex Ro...

The sociological studies on the concept of mothering have not been of much interest in Iran, so far. Thus, the current study has aimed at investigation of the lived experience of the mothers and the fathers working in Tehran. We, in the current study, have not investigated the motherhood, but we have addressed the mothering (the maternal role), through 31 field interviews with 15 couples and a ...

INTRODUCTION Gender identity disorders (GID) are heterogeneous disorders that may be influenced by culture and social norms. AIM The aim of this study was to determine masculine and feminine gender roles in a group of Iranian patients with GID and compare these roles with two control groups. METHODS Twelve male-to-female (MF) and 27 female-to-male (FM) individuals with GID referred to Tehra...

BACKGROUND Given recent assertions suggesting that gender role endorsement may be relevant in the divergence of male body image concerns, this study examined the self-reported gender role endorsement in opposing dimensional extremes of male body image disorders, namely, muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa. This study further examined the relationship between gender role endorsement and eatin...

The previously equivocal relationship between sex-role identity (masculinityfemininity) in late-adolescent females and adjustment was investigated. Peer ratings of 30 college Ss, obtained after a period of small-group interaction, indicated that masculine girls tended to be both goal oriented (instrumental) and socially sensitive (expressive), whereas feminine girls tended to be socially sensit...

The authors explore how Black and White women view three aspects of normative femininity, and whether self-rated femininity is related to feminism. Through telephone surveys, a nationally representative sample of women (N=1130) rated themselves on feminism and items derived from Collins' (2004) benchmarks of femininity: feminine appearance, traits, and traditional gender role ideology. Confirma...

This study examined participant gender and gender role differences in estimates of multiple intelligences for self, partner, and various hypothetical, stereotypical, and counter-stereotypical target persons. A general population sample of 261 British participants completed one of four questionnaires that required them to estimate their own and others' multiple intelligences and personality trai...

The use of gender-fair language is an important measure to boost gender equality. However, there is wide-spread scepticism as to the usefulness of avoiding male bias in language, even in gendered languages. For instance, in German all nouns carry grammatical gender, and role names are considered generic, even when their gender is masculine. We used a sentence-picture matching task to test wheth...

One component of a model by Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus, who propose that risk factors for adolescent depression are more common in girls than in boys during childhood, was tested with 85 low-income, urban, African American and Latino kindergarten through fourth grade children who completed inventories of depression, stress, attributional style, gender role, and body image. Endorsing two of three...