The relationship between the urban and rural world is examined here from the standpoint of the role of local leaders and their retinues of armed men, their impact on the cities and the impact of the cities on them. In periods of state weakness or disintegration, Afghan cities were unable to resist the ‘solidarity groups’ which had coagulated in the countryside under the pressure of constant con...

This paper aims to analyze the perception of state in writings early Muslim intellectuals, particularly al-Farabi, al-Mawardi, Nizam al-Mulk, al-Ghazzali, Ibn Taymiyyah and Khaldun. All these six intellectuals have a massive contribution developing or Islamic political thought. intended find answer following questions regarding concept from their writings: firstly, debate around birth state; re...

The British utilitarian philosopher and social engineer, Jeremy Bentham in 1780 coined the modern usage of the term ‘international’ with reference to International Law (Bentham 1996). In the nineteenth century the main usage of the adjective ‘international’ was with respect to international exchange and the relations between principalities, nations and empires. Nevertheless, the theory and prac...

ibn-khaldun,s social change theory has been often classified as cyclic theoty of social changes that has three stages includes in generation, growth and progress and ultimately regressive and decadence. but, what is inferred by rethink in text of ibn-khaldun,s moghaddame, are two different courses,as interrelated to each other, “civilizational evolution” and “cyclic changes of state.avoiding ma...

the methodology and strategies of research in social sciences are of great importance and momentum. although very little attention has been paid, in the early scientific literature, to logic and methodology about generating knowledge, certain early muslim scholars such as farabi and ibn-e khaldun have made valuable conscious efforts in methodology, research techniques and scientific standards t...

This argumentative paper presents a new perspective on Ibn-khaldun’s theory of social change in light Covid-19. It argues that when examining the theory, it can be found makes an association between and natural factors, such as epidemics human government changes. The target which is explored this study cyclical Ibn-khaldun. adopts former order to analyze effects Covid-19 Arab-Islamic society, h...