The throughput enhancement of Space-Time Spreading (STS)-based Multicarrier Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (MC DS-CDMA) system is investigated in this paper. Variable Spreading Factor (VSF) is utilized to improve the data throughput of the system. In this contribution, an analytical approach is proposed to compute a new expression for the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of t...

In his Presidential Address to the European Economic Association, Tony Atkinson introduced the idea of a “Charitable Conservatism” position in public policy, which “exhibits a degree of concern for the poor, but this is the limit of the redistributional concern and there is indifference with respect to transfers above the poverty line.” This contrasts with the perspective of poverty indices, wh...

BACKGROUND National tuberculosis (TB) programs increasingly engage with international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), especially to provide TB care in complex settings where community involvement might be required. In Myanmar, however, there is limited data on how such INGO community-based programs are organized and how effective they are. In this study, we describe four INGO strategies...

People tend to contribute more to a charity when they are asked to. Although this so-called ‘power of asking’ is well-known among fundraisers, the existing literature does not pay much attention to the role of donation requests in charitable giving. This paper uses a unique data set, which was designed to measure giving behavior in the United States, to estimate the causal effects of charitable...

background one common challenge to social systems is achieving equity in financial contributions and preventing financial loss. because of the large and unpredictable nature of some costs, achieving this goal in the health system presents important and unique problems. the present study investigated the household financial contributions (hfcs) to the health system.   methods the study investiga...