Introduction: Facial expression to pain is an important pain indicator; however, facial movements look unresponsive when perceiving mild pain. The present study investigates whether pain magnitude modulates the relationship between subjective pain rating and an observer’s evaluation of facial expression.  Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited to obtain 108 samples for pa...

Face expression recognition is useful for designing new interactive devices offering the possibility of new ways for human to interact with computer systems. In this paper we develop a facial expressions analysis and synthesis system. The analysis part of the system is based on the facial features extracted from facial feature points (FFP) in frontal image sequences. Selected facial feature poi...

Automatic analysis of human facial expressions is one of the challenging problems in machine vision systems. It has many applications in human-computer interactions such as, social signal processing, social robots, deceit detection, interactive video and behavior monitoring. In this paper, we develop a new method for automatic facial expression recognition based on facial muscle anatomy and hum...

Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithms have been utilized in a wide range of real applications. NMF is done by several researchers to its part based representation property especially in the facial expression recognition problem. It decomposes a face image into its essential parts (e.g. nose, lips, etc.) but in all previous attempts, it is neglected that all features achieved by NMF ...

face expression recognition is useful for designing new interactive devices offering the possibility of new ways for human to interact with computer systems. in this paper we develop a facial expressions analysis and synthesis system. the analysis part of the system is based on the facial features extracted from facial feature points (ffp) in frontal image sequences. selected facial feature poi...

Background: Many physical and mechanical phenomena occur during the acupuncture and tuina regime, and pressure is one of the most basic mechanical phenomena. Objectives: To understand the cellular bio-physical mechanism of basic mechanical stimulation via acupuncture and tuina by investigating the effect of different in vitro pressures on the cel...

There has recently been high interest in affective computing, especially in interfaces which can analyse their users’ emotional state. Automatic emotion recognition in faces is a hard problem, requiring a number of pre-processing steps which attempt to detect or track the face, to locate characteristic facial regions such as eyes, mouth and nose on it, to extract and follow the movement of faci...

Facial expressions refer to movements of the mimetic musculature of the face. The vast majority of these muscles are innervated by the VIIth cranial nerve, emanating from the brainstem between the pons and medulla (Figure 1). The nerve includes a motor root that supplies somatic muscle fibers to the muscles of the face, scalp, and outer ear, enabling the muscle movements that comprise facial ex...