Over a billion of Muslims fast worldwide during Ramadan each year. Through this religious custom, fasting contributes to their health as well as their spiritual growth. However, available evidence regarding the health-benefits of Ramadan fasting is scarce and highly contentious. Although Islam exempts patients from fasting, many fast conceivably, and their clinical condition is prone to deterio...

background and aim: mothers’ training about suitable nutritional models plays an important role in the development of children’s nutritional habits. these habits may continue into adulthood and promote the individual’s lifestyle. in the present study, we aimed to compare the effects of mother’s training via newsletter and discussion group on energy intake of preschool children. methods: this ex...

In this paper, we present a formal model of group discussion dyanmics. An understanding of the face-to-face communications in a group discussion can provide new clues about how humans collaborate to accomplish complex tasks and how the collaboration protocols can be learned. It can also help us to evaluate and facilitate brainstorming sessions. We will discuss the following three findings about...