PURPOSE The ultrafast extraocular muscles necessitate tight regulation of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Mitochondrial Ca2+ influx may be fast enough for this role. In the present study, three hypotheses were tested: (1) Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake regulates [Ca2+]i and production of force in extraocular muscle; (2) mitochondrial content correlates with their use as Ca2+ sinks; and ...

PURPOSE. The ultrafast extraocular muscles necessitate tight regulation of free cytosolic Ca concentration ([Ca ]i). Mitochondrial Ca influx may be fast enough for this role. In the present study, three hypotheses were tested: (1) Mitochondrial Ca uptake regulates [Ca ]i and production of force in extraocular muscle; (2) mitochondrial content correlates with their use as Ca sinks; and (3) mitoc...

In juvenile patients with Graves’ disease, extraocular muscles may be involved. Ultrasonography is a very important and informative diagnostic method in patients with exophthalmos and Graves’ disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate medial and inferior extraocular muscle thickness in juvenile patients with Graves’ disease. Materials and methods: Ultrasonography was performed on 78 orbits o...

Purpose: To introduce an advanced muscle hook to decrease risks and create more feasible extraocular muscle surgeries for physicians. Case Report: Tight extraocular muscles during strabismus surgery could be extremely challenging even in experienced hands due to restricted globe rotation, limited view, and lack of muscle elasticity. Although a variety of surgical instruments have been introduce...

It has long been known that the striated muscle fibres of which the extraocular muscles are composed differ in many respects from skeletal muscle in general. Their relatively small size, rich innervation, their small motor units and the presence of a proportion of fibres with multiple endplates are special characteristics which are recounted in most modern texts of ophthalmology. There are thre...

The sarcomere is the major structural and functional unit of striated muscle. Approximately 65 different proteins have been associated with the sarcomere, and their exact composition defines the speed, endurance, and biology of each individual muscle. Past analyses relied heavily on electrophoretic and immunohistochemical techniques, which only allow the analysis of a small fraction of proteins...

PURPOSE To evaluate the extraocular muscle enlargement in dysthyroid opthalmopathy. METHOD Extraocular muscle enlargement was assessed by orbital computed tomography (CT) in 573 patients with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy in order to investigate the frequency and exact location of extraocular muscle enlargement and the clinical features of related ocular symptoms in patients with dysthyroid ophth...

Rapid eye movements (REMs), traditionally measured using the electrooculogram (EOG), help to characterize active sleep in adults. In early infancy, however, they are not clearly expressed. Here we measured extraocular muscle activity in infant rats at 3 days of age (P3), P8 and P14-15 in order to assess the ontogeny of REMs and their relationship with other forms of sleep-related phasic activit...

D,uke-Elder and Duke-Elder first re ported on the action of choline and nicotine on the mammalian extraocular muscle; this was followed by a study by Brown and Harvey on the cat extrinsic eye muscle. Since then very little investigation has been reported on mammalian extraocular muscle, except by Breinin. Recently, more detailed investigation of cat extraocular muscle has been reported followin...

Extraocular muscle is fundamentally distinct from other skeletal muscles. Here, we review the biological organization of the extraocular muscles with the intent of understanding this novel muscle group in the context of oculomotor system function. The specific objectives of this review are threefold. The first objective is to understand the anatomic arrangement of the extraocular muscles and th...