In the fiber optic communication network for example,- FTTH, EPON, NBN, OTN and so on, most important components are length between transmitter receiver point. So, to make, cheap meaningful through optical it must be required calculate how what amount of signal is transmitted with given fiber. Finally, said that have several limitations like extension ratio. necessary investigate its affect on ...

Key pecking by 7 pigeons was established and maintained on a multiple variable-ratio variable-ratio (VR) schedule of food presentation. The schedule in one of the components was then changed to fixed-ratio (FR) 1 for a predetermined number of reinforcers. Both components were then changed to extinction (i.e., multiple extinction, extinction). This sequence was repeated a different number of tim...

The method for the extinction correction based on the gas column density is tested. A positive correlation is found between the total gas column density and the extinction estimated using amodel based on energy conservation (‘frequencyconverter model’). Assuming a Solar Neighbourhood opticaldepth–to–gas ratio, extinction is predicted from the gas column density using a radiative transfer model ...

Thermo-optical silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide switch has been fabricated and characterized. The switch is based on a 2x2 Mach-Zehnder interferometer and 9 microns thick ridge waveguides. The extinction ratio of the switch is 17 dB with ultra-slow modulation and it is limited by the unoptimized directional coupler lengths. Thermo-optical switching with conventional on/off modulation was de...