: 1h nmr spectra of a series of enaminones r-co-ch=c(nhch2ph)-r  [1, r=ch3; 2, r=c6h5; 3, r=cf3; 4, r=ch2ch2ch2; 5, r=ch2c(ch3)2ch2], were obtained in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid in cdcl3 or dmso-d6 at 28 °c. steric, solvent, electronic and hydrogen bonding effects on the rates of acid-catalyzed nh proton exchanges were investigated. rate constants were calculated by 1h nmr line shape ...

The exchange rate regime in Iran is practically fixed. The Central Bank of Iran (CBI) has committed itself to trying to bring about a particular exchange rate regime to meet two important targets: 1. Sustaining competitiveness of the economy, 2. Acquiring the share of foreign reserves in monetary base in a predetermined level. Since 2001 the share of foreign reserves in monetary base has i...

making capital and investment is the main driving forces of economic development. based on the investment sensitivity to the changes of some of macro-economic variables and risk and uncertainty, the present study evaluated the effective factors on investment in private sector in iran during 1980-2007. at first, the uncertainty variables of real informal exchange rate, nominal interest rate and ...

one of the ways to be informed on the extent of activities in various industries is to measure the rate of nominal protection. this paper tries to calculate the nominal and effective protection in order to examine the exchange rate unification impacts on the protection of pulp and paper industries with the aim of performing the exchange rate unification policy. therefore, nominal protection rat...

This paper explores the hypothesis that high volatility of real and nominal exchange rates may be due to the fact that local currency pricing eliminates the pass-through from changes in exchange rates to consumer prices. Exchange rates may be highly volatile because in a sense they have little effect on macroeconomic variables. The paper shows the ingredients necessary to construct such an expl...