Background Excessive immune activation as indicated by CD38 expression is a characteristic feature of HIV progression. There are growing evidences suggesting that immune inhibitory signals such as PD1 expression also play an important role in progression of the disease. However, the relationship between these positive (CD38) and negative (PD1) immune signals on T cells in HIV-TB co-infection ha...

The modeling of epistemic knowledge is a necessity of most systems dealing with some sort of artificial reasoning. There a re several formalisms able to mathematically model someone’s degrees of belief. A very popular one is the Bayesian Theory, which is based on a prior knowledge of a probability distribution. Another model is the Theory of Evidence, or DempskrShafer Theory, which provides a m...

Excessive accumulation of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS) occurs in different types of cells in the atherosclerotic lesions of both humans and animal models. However, evidences on the causative roles of myeloid cell specific mtROS in atherosclerosis are limited. Mechanistically, lesional factors that stimulate mtROS remain to be determined, and the potential pathogenic int...

Construction is a large, dynamic, and complex industry sector that plays an important role in the U.S. economy. Construction workers and employers build our roads, houses, and workplaces and repair and maintain our nation's physical infrastructure. Construction work can involve building of new structures, which may include activities involved with subdivi­ ding land for sale as building sites o...