Mass tourism, which may lead to environmental problems, cultural and social degradation, distortion of economic benefits and disease, particularly in poorer countries, provides financial reasons for preserving cultural, historical and natural resources or traditions, which otherwise may be neglected. Vanuatu, is a less developed country (LDC), reliant on tourism for such benefits. Therefore, th...

Image segmentation is still a crucial problem in image processing. It hasn yet been solved very well. In this study, we propose a novel multi-level thresholding image segmentation method based on PSNR using artificial bee colony algorithm (ABCA). PSNR is considered as an objective function of ABCA. The multi-level thresholds (t*1, t*2 ,...., t*n-1, t*n) are those maximizing the PSNR. We compare...

The thermodynamic cost of resetting an arbitrary initial state to a particular desired is lower bounded by Landauer's bound. However, here we demonstrate that this bound necessarily unachievable for every (except possibly the single minimally dissipative input) any reliable reset mechanism. Since local heating threatens rapid decoherence, issue substantial importance beyond mere energy efficien...

Putnam has argued that computational functionalism cannot serve as a foundation for the study of the mind, as every ordinary open physical system implements every finite-state automaton. I argue that Putnam’s argument fails, but that it points out the need for a better understanding of the bridge between the theory of computation and the theory of physical systems: the relation of implementatio...

let r be a commutative ring and m be an r-module. we say that m is fully primary, if every proper submodule of m is primary. in this paper, we state some characterizations of fully primary modules. we also give some characterizations of rings over which every module is fully primary, and of those rings over which there exists a faithful fully primary module. furthermore, we will introduce some ...

An individual forms belief over event using past data. However, in some cases, for some events, it cannot be determined whether the event has occurred. When processing the data, the individual will have to make a judgment regarding the realization of the event. We present a model in which ambiguity arises precisely because of this aspect of information. Attitude towards ambiguity is determined ...