Negotiated Agreements (NAs) are arrangements between firms and regulators in which firms voluntarily agree to reduce their pollution. This article analyzes the institutional features that facilitate or hamper the implementation of NAs. We illustrate the analysis with case studies on the implementation of NAs in the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, and France. We find that NAs are implem...

Antitrust law condemns price-fixing cartels and seeks to encourage private suits against the conspirators by automatically trebling antitrust damages and by providing for joint and several liability. Because the Supreme Court has held that there is no right to contribution among antitrust violators, this creates the risk of a single defendant being saddled with damages significantly greater tha...

The end of the Cold War has called into question the activities of the national laboratories and, more generally, the level of support now given to federal intramural research in the United States. This paper seeks to analyze the potential role of the laboratories, with particular attention to the possibility, on the one hand, of integrating private technology development into the laboratory's ...

Altruism, Cooperation, and Efficiency: Agricultural Production in Polygynous Households Altruism among family members can, in some cases, inhibit cooperation by increasing the utility that players expect to receive in a non-cooperative equilibrium. To test this, we examine agricultural productivity in polygynous households in West Africa. We find that cooperation is greater – production is more...

Cooperative agreements among firms to coordinate R&D investments and share knowledge or coordination among nations to reduce trade barriers or to provide global public goods usually proves difficult due to free-rider incentives. In this paper, we propose a sharing scheme for the distribution of the gains from cooperation for games with externalities and heterogeneous players in order to mitigat...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this research is to identify the pricing, reimbursement, and market access (P&R&MA) considerations most relevant to advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) in the Big5EU, and to inform their manufacturers about the key drivers for securing adoption at a commercially viable reimbursed price. METHODOLOGY The research was structured following three main steps: 1) Identif...

speed in electronic transactions forms a new kind of software agreements known as end use license agreement. in american legal system, there is no unit procedure. end user license agreement was begun by shrinkwrap and clickwrap agreements. browsewrap agreement is the latest development type of them. shrinkwrap agreements are usually formed by opening of the plastic cover of software package or ...

In a case of first impression in the state of New York, the highest state court decided that a prior written agreement between progenitors of frozen embryos regarding the disposition of their ?pre-zygotes? in the event of divorce is binding. By copying the general result arrived at by the Tennessee Supreme Court in Davis v. Davis in 1992, the New York court magnified the weight of authority in ...

IMPORTANCE Honesty and transparency are essential aspects of health care, including in physicians' and hospitals' responses to medical error. Biases and habits associated with medical malpractice litigation, however, may work at cross-purposes with compassion in clinical care and with efforts to improve patient safety. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of nondisclosure agreements in medica...

In this paper, we present a framework that we have developed to support the monitoring of service level agreements. The agreements that can be monitored by this framework are expressed in an extension of WS-Agreement that we propose. The main characteristic of the proposed extension is that it uses an event calculus based language, called EC-Assertion, for the specification of the service guara...