Forest soil compaction caused by heavy machines can cause ecosystem degradation, reduced site productivity and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Recent studies investigating the plant-mediated alleviation of with black alder showed promising results (Alnus glutinosa). This study aimed to measure recovery GHG fluxes on machine tracks without alders in North-East Switzerland. In 2008, two...

although in the recent years, the effect of ground water level on radial growth of black alder has attacked attentions of scientist but to comprehensively interpret the results of such studies, we need to investigate the independent influence of climate on ring width and other wood anatomical features of this species. hence, in current study, the influence of climatic factors on the annual ring...

Past research demonstrating the importance plant-microbe interactions as drivers of ecosystem succession has focused on how plants condition soil microbial communities, impacting subsequent plant performance and plant community assembly. These studies, however, largely treat microbial communities as a black box. In this study, we sought to examine how emblematic shifts from early successional A...

in this paper, the pricing of a european call option on the underlying asset is performed by using a monte carlo method, one of the powerful simulation methods, where the price development of the asset is simulated and value of the claim is computed in terms of an expected value. the proposed approach, applied in monte carlo simulation, is based on the black-scholes equation which generally def...

In this article we have applied a numerical finite difference method to solve the Black-Scholes European and American option pricing both presented by fractional differential equations in time and asset.

Riparian ecosystems play numerous and essential roles related to the quality and flow of water, and foodlhabitat for fish, and varieties of wildlife. Due to lateral and linear linkages throughout the landscape, these zones influence the integrity of the terrestrial as well as the entire aquatic-riverine ecosystem. Since Euro-American settlement in the West, the structure and condition of many r...

This paper reviews investigations on interactions between soil microbiota, and plants during the interdisciplinary program ‘Ecosystem research in the Bornhöved Lake district’; it deals with processes associated with the rhizosphere at four agricultural, and forest ecosystems. Emphasis was placed on a black alder forest representing the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In th...