any part of the Ottoman or Persian dominions, took everybody by surprise, and few would believe at first that the outbreak was really one of the dreaded Asiatic scourge. The rise of the Euphrates and Tigris in 1889 was insignificant. Navigation in the great canal of Shat-el-Hai, which connects the Tigris with the Euphrates, ceased in May, and the extensive marsh lying between Shatra and Nasriye...

We report gravel of the River Euphrates, capped by basalt that is Ar-Ar dated to ∼9 Ma, at Shireen in northern Syria. This gravel, preserved by the erosion-resistant basalt, allows us for the first time to reconstruct the history of this major river during the Late Miocene. In response to progressive regional surface uplift, the Euphrates extended SE by ∼800 km between the early Middle Miocene,...

One of the more intractable problems that archaeobiologists struggle with is how to characterise ancient subsistence systems when the plant and animal remains that we study are incommensurate in so many ways. Three examples from the upper Euphrates and Iran illustrate how changes in plant remains are associated with changes in animal exploitation. Two of them consider the agropastoral continuum...

Political instability of several countries in the Middle East is overshadowing one of the biggest challenges of the upcoming century: Water a natural resource that is easily taken for granted, but whose scarcity might lead to serious conflicts. This paper investigates an optimal Water Allocation of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivershed by introducing the WATER-Model. A series of scenarios are anal...

In classical turtle graphics a line is drawn to connect the turtle’s position vector before and after executing each FORWARD command. A hodograph turtle shadows the classical turtle and draws a line connecting the classical turtle’s direction vector before and after executing each TURN command. Here we study examples of the hodograph turtle in action along with several extensions. We show that ...

The EUPHRATES trial (Evaluating Use of Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Adults Treated for Endotoxemia and Septic Shock) is the first biomarker-driven trial in sepsis. This unique trial is being run in a blinded manner, further contributing to the robustness of its design. This paper will describe the implementation of the EUPHRATES trial focusing on 3 pertinent fea...

Climate change leading to global warming affects the earth through many different ways such as weather (temperature, precipitation, humidity and the other parameters of weather), snow coverage and ice melting, sea level rise, hydrological cycles, quality of water, agriculture, forests, ecosystems and health. One of the most affected areas by climate change is hydrology and water resources. Regi...