Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is a key concept in evolutionary game theory. ESS provides an evolutionary stability criterion for biological, social and economical behaviors. In this paper, we develop a new approach to evaluate ESS in symmetric two player games with fuzzy payoffs. Particularly, every strategy is assigned a fuzzy membership that describes to what degree it is an ESS in pre...

Four somatostatin-related peptides were isolated from eel guts. Two of them were the same as eel SS-25II (eSS-25II) and eel SS-25I (eSS-25I) isolated from European eel pancreas. The remaining two peptides were C-terminal tetradecapeptides (eSS-14II and eSS-14I) of eSS-25II and eSS-25I, respectively. These four peptides all enhanced the serosa-negative transepithelial potential difference and sh...

OBJECTIVE The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was designed to be self-completed by the patient. However, it may not be understood by all, and unrecognised problems with literacy can impair the process. The ESS has been translated into a pictorial version for use in those with normal or diminished literacy skills. METHODS An evaluation of the patients' ability to self-complete the ESS was under...

Plug-in electric bus (PEB) is an environmentally friendly mode of public transportation and plug-in electric bus fast charging stations (PEBFCSs) play an essential role in the operation of PEBs. Under effective control, deploying an energy storage system (ESS) within a PEBFCS can reduce the peak charging loads and the electricity purchase costs. To deal with the (integrated) scheduling problem ...

We present a revision of Maynard Smith's evolutionary stability criteria for populations which are very large (though technically finite) and of unknown size. We call this the large population ESS, as distinct from Maynard Smith's infinite population ESS and Schaffer's finite population ESS. Building on Schaffer's finite population model, we define the large population ESS as a strategy which c...

The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) measures daytime sleepiness in adults. This paper reports the following data in 616 medical students: 1-ESS scores, 2-its correlation with the declared night sleep time, 3-comparison with ESS values obtained from Australia, 4-comparison of ESS values in a sub-population of 111 students tested early and late 1995. There were 387 males, 185 females and 4 not spe...

Event Structures (ESs) are mainly concerned with the representation of causal relationships between events, usually accompanied by other event relations capturing conflicts and disabling. Among the most prominent variants of ESs are Prime ESs, Bundle ESs, Stable ESs, and Dual ESs, which differ in their causality models and event relations. Yet, some application domains require further kinds of ...

BACKGROUND A positive effect of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS) as sole treatment on olfactory thresholds and sense of smell in patients with nasal polyposis has been questioned. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that ESS has a positive effect on sense of smell and olfactory threshold in nasal polyposis. METHODS Uncontrolled post-hoc analysis of a prospective study of 160 patien...

The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) has been reputed as a quick, valid, and reliable method to assess Daytime sleepiness (DS). Since its publication, it has been translated into a number of languages. Our aim was to determine validity and reliability indicators of an Spanish language version ESS for Mexican population. Considering that in developing countries the majority of persons use public t...