public order, as a principle in the framework of national laws, is a tool for protecting private and public interests in a society. observance of the norms and public order in any jurisdiction is important as far as the the influence of this chariness on contracts in the field of private international laws is undeniable. with the formation of new rights such as intellectual property rights in t...

sale is the alienation of goods with all presumptive, objective and, legal rights related to them in a way that a buyer can have the goods in absolute legal possession. any defects in seller’s ownership, such as the right of easement, usufruct or lien belong to the third party interferes with the absolute ownership of the buyer and his rights. a kind of these rights recognized and protected by ...

Plant Genetic Resources (PGRs) are one of the most valuable natural resources of anycountry. Biotechnology through genetic engineering of plants and the creation of new plantvarieties can increase the value of these resources. Different technical and legalmechanisms such as ex situ/in situ collection of PGRs, and Intellectual Property Rights(IPRs...

because of its very dynamic nature and its close ties with global commerce, intellectual property law is one of the liveliest areas of law. the significant of this branch of law is manifested in the debate which is going on between developed and developing countries in terms of the scope of the protection of intellectual property rights. on the one hand, the developed country argue the stronger...

development of technology and communications, especially emergence of the internet as well as states’ inclination to achieve a harmonized protection of intellectual property rights in international level in the last three decades, have brought a new perspectives on international jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in the field of intellectual property rights. the most impo...