As an ubiquitous statistical theory, Gaussian Distribution (GD) or Gaussian Error Propagation Law (GEPL) has been widely used for modelling random errors in many engineering and application fields since 1809. In recent years, this theory has been extended to handle the uncertainties of spatial data in GIS, such as positional error modelling. But most of the results for spatial error modelling b...

synthetic aperture radar (sar), which has been widely used for earth remote sensing, provides high resolution, day-and-night and weather-independent images for a multitude of applications. design of sar sensors has had some considerations, associated to sar systems issues (microwave propagation, antenna, orbit design and etc.). altitude and attitude errors of sar sensor have a direct effect on ...