Objective(s):Hypoxia induces cellular oxidative stress that is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Here, the protective effects of ferulic acid (FA) on hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells were evaluated. Materials and Methods:We investigated the effect of FA on PC12 cells subjected to hypoxia stress, in vitro. Results:FA increased cell viability, prevented membrane damage (LDH r...

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor with a median survival of only 15 months 5-year less than 5% despite best available treatments. Tumor recurrence/progression therapy resistance are major obstacles for GBM treatment. characterized by intensive vascular proliferation that associated cell growth, invasion, to chemo/radiotherapy, decreased disease-fr...

Natural and anthropogenic pressures in inland waters induce molecular response mechanisms organisms as a defense against such multiple stressors. We studied, for the first time, expression of stress proteins, heat shock proteins (HSP) mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK), Daphnia magna natural population to environmental changes heavily modified water body (Lake Koronia, Northern Greece). In paralle...

Background: Chronic usage of morphine elicits the production of inflammatory factors by glial cells andinduces neuroinflammation. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) is a medicinal herb that has antiinflammatory properties. It has been reported that ginger shows anti-addictive effects against chronic usageof morphine; however, its influence o...

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades regulate a myriad of plant biological processes, including disease resistance. Plant genomes encode large number MAPK kinases (MAPKKKs) that can be divided into two subfamilies, namely MEKK-like and Raf-like kinases. Thus far, the functions MAPKKKs have been relatively well characterized, but roles in remain less understood. Here, we report role ...

One of the contributors to atherogenesis is enzymatically modified LDL (eLDL). eLDL was detected in all stages aortic valve sclerosis and demonstrated trigger activation p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), which has been identified as a pro-inflammatory atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated influence on IL-6 IL-33 induction, also impact calcification stenosis (AS). upregu...

Oxymatrine, a potent monosomic alkaloid extracted from Chinese herb Sophora japonica (Sophora flavescens Ait.). possesses anti-inflammatory activittyes.  This study was designed to investigate the effects of oxymatrine on nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia. In this paper, BV2...

Objective(s): Iranian crack (IC) is a heroin-based substance manifesting various pathologic side effects. Herein, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of IC-induced liver injuries in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control, and IC (0.9 mg/kg/day/IP, for 30 days). Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measur...