This paper introduces a novel variation of the vee dipole antenna consisting of two coplanar vee dipoles with a common feed point. It is referred to as a double-vee dipole. Radiation characteristics of the double-vee dipole antenna are investigated numerically and experimentally. It is shown that the double-vee dipole can provide significantly higher directivity and lower sidelobes and back rad...

A novel genetic vaccine that is based on a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon launched from plasmid DNA is described. The plasmid encodes a VEE replicon under the transcriptional control of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (VEE DNA). The VEE DNA consistently expressed 3- to 15-fold more green fluorescent protein in vitro than did a conventional DNA vaccine. Furtherm...

The enzootic or endemic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus (ID, IE, IF, and II-VI) are considered avirulent. In 1993 and 1996, outbreaks of encephalitis occurred in the horse populations in the Chiapas and Oaxaca provinces of Mexico, respectively. In both instances, enzootic VEE virus subserotype IE was isolated from brain tissues of dead horses. The present study invest...

We used previously characterized murine monoclonal antibodies to develop a panel useful in subtyping Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses by an indirect fluorescent antibody assay. This panel worked well with either prototype VEE viruses or a series of more recent VEE virus isolates. The panel is particularly useful for rapidly differentiating VEE viruses with epidemic-epizootic potenti...

In this paper, we shall show that the following translation \(I^M\) from propositional fragment \(\bf L_1\) of Leśniewski's ontology to modal logic KTB\) is sound: for any formula \(\phi\) and \(\psi\) L_1\), it defined as (M1) \(I^M(\phi \vee \psi) = I^M(\phi) I^M(\psi)\), (M2) \(I^M(\neg \phi) \neg I^M(\phi)\), (M3) \(I^M(\epsilon ab) \Diamond p_a \supset . \wedge \Box p_b .\wedge p_a\), wher...

Let $\mathfrak{j}$ and $\mathfrak{j}^{'}$ be the Cartan subalgebras of complex semi-simple Lie algebras $\mathfrak{g}$ $\mathfrak{g}^{'}$, $\mathfrak{j}^{*}$ $(\mathfrak{j}^{'})^{*}$ their duals, $\mathfrak{j}^{\vee}$ $(\mathfrak{j}^{'})^{\vee}$ biduals respectively. We consider $B(.,.)$, restriction to Killing form $\mathfrak{g}^{'}$. In this work, using kernel $K$ reproducing subalgebra an op...

Measles remains a major cause of child mortality, in part due to an inability to vaccinate young infants with the current live attenuated virus vaccine (LAV). To explore new approaches to infant vaccination, chimeric Venezuelan equine encephalitis/Sindbis virus (VEE/SIN) replicon particles were used to express the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins of measles virus (MV). Juvenile rhesus ...

In this paper, bipolar valued multi fuzzy normal subnear-ring of a near-ring is introduced and some theorems are stated proved.

Experimental studies evaluated the vector competence of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), Culex cancer Theobald, Culex pseudes (Dyar and Knab), Culex taeniopus Dyar and Knab, and a Culex (Culex) species, probably Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Culex nigripalpus Theobald from Chiapas, Mexico, and Tocoa, Honduras, for epizootic (IC) and enzootic (IE) strains of Venezuelan equine encephalo...

The ecology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus transmission was compared at three enzootic foci: two forest sites in the Catatumbo region of western Venezuela that have yielded small numbers of virus isolates since the 1970s, and another focus in the middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia that has consistently yielded many VEE virus isolates. Our results demonstrated dramatic difference...