spatial environmental autocorrelation is a known phenomenon in the environmental studies explaining spatial relationship of environmental characteristics of different geographical units. different mechanisms have been proposed to clarify how the environments of especially neighboring countries response to changes of each other. this paper attempts to propose a new mechanism, namely spatial inst...

background: male infertility is affected by several factors. lead is one of the heavy metals more bioavailable than usually modifies the sperm quality in humans. objective: the aim of this study was to establish the role of lead in semen quality in environmentally exposed men. materials and methods: semen and blood samples were obtained from two groups: the exposed group (eg=20) and the non-exp...

Recessions are times when markets function less efficiently. This phenomenon is usually the domain of theories that rely on changes in preferences (demand shocks) or constraints on price-setting (sticky prices). In our simple model of decentralized trade with asymmetric information, income dispersion measures uncertainty about buyer characteristics. Counter-cyclical income dispersion makes the ...

We study how an optimal income tax and an optimal public-goods provision rule respond to preference and productivity shocks. A conventional Mirrleesian treatment is shown to provoke manipulations of the policy mechanism by individuals with similar interests. We therefore extend the Mirrleesian model so as to include a requirement of coalition-proofness. The main results are the following: first...