High quinolone resistance rates were observed among oxyiminocephalosporin-resistant enterobacteria. In the present study, we searched for the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes within the 55 oxyiminocephalosporin-resistant enterobacteria collected in a previous survey. The main PMQR determinants were aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrB, which had prevalence rates of 42.4% and 3...

The genome sequence of Lactococcus lactis revealed that the ycdB gene was recently exchanged between lactococci and enterobacteria. The present study of ycdB orthologs suggests that L. lactis was probably the gene donor and reveals three instances of gene transfer to enterobacteria. Analysis of ycdB gene transfer between two L. lactis subspecies, L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cre...

Old Taxonomic Order Order Caudovirales Family Podoviridae Genus T7-like viruses Type Species Enterobacteria phage phiKMV Species in the Genus 9 Tentative Species in the Genus 11 Unassigned Species in the family 7 New Taxonomic Order Order Caudovirales Family Podoviridae Genus phiKMV-like viruses Type Species Enterobacteria phage phiKMV Species in the Genus 6 Tentative Species in the Genus 0 Una...

propane units, is an agglutination element in the cell wall of vascular plants. These units are referred to as guaiacyl (a), syringyl (b), and p-hydroxyphenyl, (c) phenyl-propane units (Fig. 1). They are connected in three-dimensional space by C–C and C–O–C bonds. Softwood lignin consists of (a), hardwood lignin of (a) and (b), and herb lignin of (a), (b) and (c). Lignin is taken up as a “dieta...

TolC is an archetypal member of the outer membrane efflux protein (OEP) family. These proteins are involved in export of small molecules and toxins across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Genomes of some bacteria such as Pseudomonas species contain multiple copies of OEPs. In contrast, enterobacteria contain a single tolC gene, the product of which functions with multiple transport...

At least 30 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESB) have emerged responsible for resistance to indigestible beta-lactams (C3G) since their discovery in West Germany in 1983. Most of them are produced by enterobacteria and essentially K. pneumoniae which appeared susceptible to oxyimino-beta-lactams. A double-disk test was useful to detect such nosocomial isolates of enterobacteria (urines, bloo...

Fecal excretion of antibiotics and resistant bacteria in the environment are major public health threats associated with extensive farming and modern medical care. Innovative strategies that can reduce the intestinal antibiotic concentrations during treatments are in development. However, the effect of lower exposure on the amount of resistant enterobacteria excreted has not been quantified, ma...

We have developed phiSITE, database of gene regulation in bacteriophages. To date it contains detailed information about more than 700 experimentally confirmed or predicted regulatory elements (promoters, operators, terminators and attachment sites) from 32 bacteriophages belonging to Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae families. The database is manually curated, the data are collected mai...