Spatial information is often embedded in traditional information sources (other than GIS or other spatial data sources). As a simple example, an employee database might contain a home address field. Geocoding is a service that can provide the spatial location on a map for an address. In much the same way, we seek to use available tools, such as CAD, visualization, or GIS tools, to process spati...

Unraveling the microbial diversity and its complexity in petroleum reservoir environments has been a challenge throughout the years. Despite the techniques developed in order to improve methodologies involving DNA extraction from crude oil, microbial enrichments using different culture conditions can be applied as a way to increase the recovery of DNA from environments with low cellular density...

Syntrophic methanogenesis is an essential link in the global carbon cycle and a key bioprocess for the disposal of organic waste and production of biogas. Recent studies suggest direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) is involved in electron exchange in methanogenesis occurring in paddy soils, anaerobic digesters, and specific co-cultures with Geobacter. In this study, we evaluate the poss...

We prove that every stable, combinatorial model category can be enriched in a natural way over symmetric spectra. As a consequence of the general theory, every object in such a model category has an associated homotopy endomorphism ring spectrum. Basic properties of these invariants are established.

Categorical rings were introduced in [JiPi07], which we call 2-rings. In these notes we present basic definitions and results regarding 2-modules. This is work in progress.

Article history: Received 7 November 2016 Received in revised form 2 March 2017 Accepted 5 March 2017 Available online xxxx A global rise in oxygen levels has been proposed to coincidewith the Ediacaran to Cambrian radiation of animals, yet the precise timing and nature of this change remains unresolved. One hypothesis is that the ocean/atmosphere system became temporarily well-oxygenated in th...

Culture enrichments and culture-independent molecular methods were employed to identify and confirm the presence of novel ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in nitrifying freshwater aquaria. Reactors were seeded with biomass from freshwater nitrifying systems and enriched for AOB under various conditions of ammonia concentration. Surveys of cloned rRNA genes from the enrichments revealed four maj...

The 15N-enrichments (atom percentage excess) were determined in the plasma free amino acids of blood samples taken at the time of feeding and in samples taken hourly and pooled over 12 h, as well as in ileal digesta, crude mucin, and bacteria collected at the distal ileum of pigs fed barley while continuously administered [15N]leucine intravenously. The branched-chain amino acids were the only ...

We prove that any stable, additive, combinatorial model category M has a canonical model enrichment over Sp(sAb) (symmetric spectra based on simplicial abelian groups). So to any object X ∈ M one can attach an endomorphism ring object in this category, denoted hEndad(X). Since the homotopy theory of ring objects in Sp(sAb) is equivalent to the homotopy theory of differential graded algebras, on...