Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is an effective approach to overcome the impact of multi-path fading and shadowing issues. The reliability of CSS can be severely degraded under Byzantine attack, which may be caused by either malfunctioning sensing terminals or malicious nodes. Almost, the previous studies have not analyzed and considered the attack in their models. The present study introduc...

A discrete version of the Charged System Search algorithm (CSS) is developed to optimize truss structures with discrete variables. The discrete CSS algorithm, similar to its original version, is based on some laws from electrostatics and the Newtonian mechanics. Each agent in the CSS is considered as a charged sphere having a uniform volume charge density which can affect an electric force to t...

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is characterized by systemic vasculitis and blood and tissue eosinophilia. Blood eosinophilia correlates with disease activity, and activated T cells from CSS patients are predominantly T helper 2 (Th2). Interleukin (IL)-25 has been shown to link innate and adaptive immunity by enhancing Th2 cytokine production. We sought to determine the involvement of IL-25 and it...

BACKGROUND Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) can cause prodromal symptoms of syncope such as dizziness and nausea. Patients with end-stage cancer lose self-efficacy associated with reduced activities of daily life (ADL). Herein, we report a case of end-stage cancer in which self-efficacy was enhanced as the patient gained self-control of prodromal symptoms of syncope. CASE PRESENTATION A 70-year-o...

This thesis deals with quantum error correcting codes. In first two chapters necessary introduction to quantum computation and classical error correction is presented. Previous results on construction of quantum error correcting codes are presented in the third and fourth chapter. Mainly Calderbank-Steane-Shor (CSS) codes and stabilizer codes are discussed together with the introduction to codi...

In this note I will study the relationship between the conditional sum of squares (CSS) estimator of moving averages and the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator. I will show that the CSS estimator can be converted into the ML estimator via the use of the EM algorithm. A by-product of the EM algorithm is an expression for the likelihood function and the score. This argument generalizes to autoregr...

Changes in dynamic properties of structures indicate occurrence of damages in the structures. In this paper, a new two stage algorithm for damage detection of large structure is introduced. A modified Residual Force Method is utilized to locate the damage regions in structures, especially barrel vaults, and then the enhanced Charged System Search (CSS) Algorithm is used to quantify the amount o...

Abstract The freshwater production in a conventional solar still (CSS) is very less and it can be enhanced by either enhancing evaporation or condensation rates both the still. Therefore, current investigation focused on rate absorber basin over top glass simultaneously. In this regard, using hollow-finned with energy storage novel pond fibres basin. Likewise, sisal fibre water dripping arrange...

This study pertains to incorporation of coffee silverskin (CSS) in partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortar, by investigating its fresh properties (setting and workability), compressive strength (3, 7, 14 28-day), absorption microstructural characteristics. The objectives were reduce environmental solid wastes achieve cost efficiency the use construction materials. CSS was ...

Barrier function of cultured skin substitutes (CSS) is required for their effective use in clinical treatment of skin wounds, and for percutaneous absorption in vitro. Arachidonic, palmitic, oleic, and linoleic free fatty acids, in conjunction with the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol acetate (lipid supplements, "LS"), were added to nutrient media of CSS to provide precursors of epidermal barrier l...