This paper presents a bilingual acoustic model adaptation approach for transcribing Mandarin-English code-mixed lectures with highly unbalanced language distribution. This includes a adaptation structure, merging of Mandarin and English acoustic units on model, state and Gaussian levels, and a cross-level integration scheme. The corpora tested include two real courses, in which special terminol...

Macau’s unique cultural identity as a Special Administrative Region of China has been attributed to its historical blending of East and West and the confluence of the diverse origins of its people. According to definitions from the Bank of English, blending includes: “mixing and mingling”; “to look good together, harmonize”; “a mixture produced by blending.” In terms of the blending of people a...

Sentiment analysis is essential in many real-world applications such as stance detection, review analysis, recommendation system, and so on. Sentiment analysis becomes more difficult when the data is noisy and collected from social media. India is a multilingual country; people use more than one languages to communicate within themselves. The switching in between the languages is called code-sw...

The objectives of this research were to analyse what are the code mixing used by students English Education Department UNTIRTA, and investigate reason in their daily communication. This was descriptive qualitative method which recording, interview field notes as data collection technique. result showed that occurred 44,92%. defined type they used. From 4 reasons using mixing, are: (1) Talking a...

English. Code-mixing is the alternation between two or more languages in the same text. This phenomenon is very relevant in the travel domain, since it can provide new insight in the way foreign cultures are perceived and described to the readers. In this paper, we analyse EnglishItalian code-mixing in historical English travel writings about Italy. We retrain and compare two existing systems f...

This paper describes our recent work on the development of a largevocabulary, speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition system for Cantonese-English code-mixing utterances. The details of both acoustic modeling and language modeling will be discussed. For acoustic modeling, Cantonese accents in English words are handled by applying cross-lingual acoustic units, as well as modifications...

In both child and adult Cantonese, code-mixing is used productively. We focus on the insertion of English verbs into Cantonese utterances. Data from nine simultaneous bilingual children in the Hong Kong Bilingual Child Language Corpus are analyzed. Case studies show that the children’s rates of mixing closely match the rate of mixing in the parental input, and that different input conditions in...