We analyzed 1,093 Vibrio cholerae isolates from the Democratic Republic of the Congo during 1997-2012 and found increasing antimicrobial drug resistance over time. Our study also demonstrated that the 2011-2012 epidemic was caused by an El Tor variant clonal complex with a single antimicrobial drug susceptibility profile.

To the Editor: Vibrio cholerae is a water-borne pathogen that causes a severe watery diarrhea disease known as cholera. On the basis of variable somatic O antigen composition, >200 serogroups of V. cholerae have been recognized. Classical and El Tor are 2 well-established biotypes within the V. cholerae O1 serogroup, and they can be distinguished by differences in their biochemical reactions or...

Pandemic V. cholerae strains in the O1 serogroup have 2 biotypes: classical and El Tor. The classical biotype strains of the sixth pandemic, which encode the classical type cholera toxin (CT), have been replaced by El Tor biotype strains of the seventh pandemic. The prototype El Tor strains that produce biotype-specific cholera toxin are being replaced by atypical El Tor variants that harbor cl...

Vibrio cholerae O139 (173 strains) and O1 (221 strains) were tested for their in vitro susceptibilities to 39 antimicrobial agents. Both O139 and O1 strains were highly susceptible to azithromycin, cephems, minocycline, penems, and newer fluoroquinolones. O139 strains (94.8%), O1 Indian El Tor strains (97%), and Bangladeshi El Tor strains (50%) were highly resistant to streptomycin, sulfamethox...

The hemolytic activity of 20 classical and 3 El Tor strains of V. cholerae O1 was examined phenotypically and genetically. The El Tor strains lysed bovine, chicken, human, rabbit, and sheep erythrocytes (RBCs), while the classical strains lysed only chicken and rabbit RBCs. The assay was done with RBCs in Tris-NaCl buffer, since phosphate-buffered saline was found to inhibit hemolytic activity....

The emergence of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal in 1993, its rapid spread in an epidemic form, in which it replaced existing strains of V. cholerae O1 during 1992 and 1993, and the subsequent reemergence of V. cholerae O1 of the El Tor biotype in Bangladesh since 1994 have raised questions regarding the origin of the reemerged El Tor vibrios. We studied 50 El Tor vibrio strains isolated in Banglad...

background cholera is a severe diarrheal illness caused by vibrio cholerae, which produces a virulence factor named el tor hemolysin encoded by the hlya gene. objectives this study meant to analyze the phenotypic characteristics and presence of hlya gene in v. cholerae isolated from patients in iran. the hlya gene which codes for hemolysin, plays an essential role in manifestation of cholera ,a...

Chronological analysis of 125 Vibrio cholerae O139 strains isolated during 1993-2005 in Kolkata revealed the prevalence of two new genotypes of cholera toxin (CT) and novel combinations of ctxB and rstR alleles resulting in variant CTX prophages. One of the new genotypes of ctxB, which first appeared in 1996 with the re-emerged V. cholerae O139 strains that had CTX Calcutta phage, was designate...

INTRODUCTION Cholera, a disease caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 remains an important public health problem globally. In the last decade, Kenya has experienced a steady increase of cholera cases. In 2009 alone, 11,769 cases were reported to the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation. This study sought to describe the phenotypic characteristics of the isolated V. cholerae isolates. METH...

BACKGROUND The cholera outbreaks in Thailand during 2007-2010 were exclusively caused by the Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant carrying the cholera toxin gene of the classical biotype. We previously isolated a V. cholerae O1 El Tor strain from a patient with diarrhea and designated it MS6. Multilocus sequence-typing analysis revealed that MS6 is most closely related to the U. S. Gulf Coast clon...