The breeding system of social organisms affects many important aspects of social life. Some species vary greatly in the number of breeders per group, but the mechanisms and selective pressures contributing to the maintenance of this polymorphism in social structure remain poorly understood. Here, we take advantage of a genetic dataset that spans 15 years to investigate the dynamics of colony qu...

In response to intraand interspecific competition, ant colonies have evolved mechanisms to maximize early colony growth. Through the analysis of photographic images, this study describes the individual effect of two different strategies, pleometrosis and pupae transplantation, on the growth of Lasius niger colonies. Results showed that both methods had an overall positive effect on colony produ...

The Cape bee (Apis mellifera capensis) is unique among honeybees in that workers can lay eggs that instead of developing into males develop into females via thelytokous parthenogenesis. We show that this ability allows workers to compete directly with the queen over the production of new queens. Genetic analyses using microsatellites revealed that 23 out of 39 new queens produced by seven colon...

We consider a puzzle such that a set of colored cubes is given as an instance. Any cube is the unit length on each edge and its surface is colored so that what we call Surface Color Condition is satisfied. Given a palette of 6 colors, the condition requires that each face should be assigned exactly one color and all faces should be assigned 6 different colors from each other. The puzzle asks to...

In recent decades, massive improvements in graphic sophistication have begun to produce declining returns. The creative focus game development has shifted artificial intelligence. queens’ task is part of a sequence popular games. It the challenge putting n chess queens on board such that no two are threatening each other. plan does not involve sharing same row, column or diagonal. Eac...

We propose a new puzzle: Label the eight vertices of cube using distinct integers between 0 and 12 (both inclusive) such that induced labeling each edge, given by sum labels its end points, causes edges to be labeled with odd numbers 1, 3, … 23. Any solution puzzle is called super odd-sum labeling. deftly discover all cube.

Scientists are beginning to realize more and more that nature is a great source for inspiration in order to develop intelligent systems and algorithms. In the field of Computational Intelligence, especially Evolutionary Computation and Swarm-based systems, the degree of imitation from nature is surprisingly high and we are at the edge of developing and proposing new algorithms and/or systems, w...

Knutson, Tao, and Woodward [KTW04] formulated a Littlewood–Richardson rule for the cohomology ring of Grassmannians in terms of puzzles. Vakil [Vak06] and Wheeler–Zinn-Justin [WZ16] have found additional triangular puzzle pieces that allow one to express structure constants for K-theory of Grassmannians. Here we introduce two other puzzle pieces of hexagonal shape, each of which gives a Littlew...

eight strawberry cultivars (paros, queen elisa, pajaro, camarosa, gaviota, selva, mrak and kurdistan as local cultivar) were evaluated to select the best cultivar based on quantitative yield production in kurdistan province condition. an experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2008- 2010 in grizeh research station (sanandaj). eleven morpholo...