Gate-modulated low-temperature Raman spectra reveal that the electric field effect (EFE), pervasive in contemporary electronics, has marked impacts on long-wavelength optical phonons of graphene. The EFE in this two-dimensional honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms creates large density modulations of carriers with linear dispersion (known as Dirac fermions). Our EFE Raman spectra display the inter...

In order to investigate whether earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme III-1 (EFE-III-1) isolated from Lumbricus rubellus is capable of transporting into blood through intestinal epithelium and keeping its biological function in circulation, we have raised an antibody against EFE-III-1. The immunological results showed that 10-15% of intact EFE-III-1 was absorbed by the intestinal epithelium with the in...

Ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) was isolated from apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv Golden Delicious) fruit tissue. The enzyme activity in the homogenate is associated with the pellet fraction and can be solubilized with Triton X-100 or polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The solubilized enzyme system resembles the in vivo system in that it exhibits a low K(m) (17 micromolar) for its substrate 1-aminocyclop...

The earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme (EFE), belonging to a group of serine proteases with strong fibrinolytic activity, has been used in a mixture as an oral drug for prevention and treatment of thrombosis in East Asia. The EFE component b (EFE-b) is one of seven EFE components from Eisenia fetida, and among them it has nearly the highest fibrinolytic activity. Here, we report its crystal structur...

AIM The study was conducted to evaluate the levels of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on in vitro digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM), total gas production (TGP), metabolizable energy (ME) content, and microbial biomass production (MBP). MATERIALS AND METHODS The total mixed ration (TMR) was prepared using 30% each of sorghum hay and groundnut straw and 40% compound ...

BACKGROUND Cyanobacteria are considered potential photosynthetic microbial cell factories for biofuel and biochemical production. Ethylene, one of the most important organic chemicals, has been successfully synthesized in cyanobacteria by introducing an exogenous ethylene-forming enzyme (Efe). However, it remains challenging to significantly improve the biosynthetic efficiency of cyanobacterial...

This paper aimed to summarize published responses to treatment of cattle diets with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE), to discuss reasons for variable EFE efficacy in animal trials, to recommend strategies for improving enzyme testing and EFE efficacy in ruminant diets, and to identify proteomic differences between effective and ineffective EFE. A meta-analysis of 20 dairy cow studies with 30 ...

Biosynthesis of the phytohormone ethylene in higher plants proceeds via the following pathway: S-adenosylmethionine----1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)----ethylene. Ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE), the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of ACC to ethylene, has been only partially characterized in vitro. We have obtained authentic EFE activity in vitro from extracts of avocado fruit (...

In this paper we prove an alternative existence theorem for variational inequalities defined on an unbounded set in a Hilbert space. This theorem is based on the concept of exceptional family of elements (EFE) for a mapping and on the concept of (0,k)-epi mapping which is similar to the topological degree. We show that when a k-set field is without (EFE) then the variational inequality has a so...

Endomyocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) presents in a primary form that manifests in infancy as well as secondary forms related to hypereosinophilia and leukemic disorders (1). Accurate identification has previously required endomyocardial biopsy, though cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is uniquely suited to visualize endomyocardial fibrosis noninvasively. We present a case demonstrating CMR...