Objective Objective: Gelatinases degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components to make physiological remodeling and contribute to pathological tissue destruction in endometriosis. It is known that gelatinases’ function is resistant to suppression by progesterone in endometriosis. The ability of progesterone to impact gene expression depends on the progesterone receptor-A/-B (PR-A/PR-B) ratio. A...

Background: The innate immune system is our first line of defense against invading pathogens. Toll–like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as a key role in mediating the function of innate immune system which bridges the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. For example, TLR2 is able to act as a homodimer to recognize lipoteichoic acids of Gram-positive bacteria but as a heterodimer with...

Background: Endometriosis is the presence of endometrium- like tissue in sites outside the uterine cavity, primarily on the pelvic peritoneum and ovaries. Ectopic endometrium for replacement and growth require to blood supply. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most important intermediate of locality angiogenesis that product by monocytes and macrophages. This study evaluat...

Background: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine that is secreted by accumulated active macrophages in ectopic tissue of endometriosis. MIF is involved in pathophysiological events of endometriosis, such as angiogenesis and cell proliferation. MIF that stimulates the synthesis of PGE2, leads to over-expression of local estradiol synthesis in endometrio...

Background: In an ectopic pregnancy (EP) the egg does not reach to the uterus, but instead implants somewhere outside it, usually in fallopian tube. In most cases the exact cause of an ectopic pregnancy is unknown but it is often a result of some sort of damage to the fallopian tube. The tube may have become blocked or narrowed by previous surgery or infection. An active immune system need to r...

Background Endometriosis is a gynecological disease defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, which caused by various factors. Recent evidences support the presence of endometrial stem cells and their possible involvement in endometriosis. Related studies mainly focus on stemness-related genes, and pluripotency markers may play a role in the etiology of endometri...

Background: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine that is secreted by accumulated active macrophages in ectopic tissue of endometriosis. MIF is involved in pathophysiological events of endometriosis, such as angiogenesis and cell proliferation. MIF that stimulates the synthesis of PGE2, leads to over-expression of local estradiol synthesis in endometrio...

Background Cytochrome aromatase p450, encoded by the gene CYP19A1, is a key enzyme for estrogen biosynthesis. Among the multiple promoters of CYP19A1, the proximal promoter PII is the most active ones in ovary and endometrium. Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen dependent gynecological condition characterized by the presence of ectopic glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. Recently, evi...

Background: Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a major family of innate immune systems which recognize specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)in bacterial, fungi, virus and parasites. Human TLRs comprise a large family of 10 different type proteins that are expressed on various immune cells. Among these receptors, TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 10 were expressed on the cell surface. TLR2 form...