millions of people in underdeveloped countries, have assumed poverty as a principal of life in globalization age. in comparison with advanced countries, asian, african and latin american countries are characterized as poor societies. lack of equally access to economic and social opportunities, low level of life, economic stagnation, political instability, and such factors are taken into account...

Human capabilities play an important part in the emergence from stagnation to modern economic growth. Historical and macroeconomic studies show substantial effects for nutrition and health on income levels and, for poorer countries, on rates of growth, implying divergence. Cross-country examination of the joint dynamics of life expectancy and income shows that a stratified emergence from stagna...

The evolution of economies during the major portion of human history was marked by Malthusian Stagnation. The transition from an epoch of stagnation to a state of sustained economic growth has shaped the contemporary world economy and has led to the Great Divergence in income per capita across the globe in the past two centuries. This entry examines the process of development over the course of...

This paper takes a global, long‐run perspective on the recent debate about secular stagnation, which has so far mainly focused on the short term. The analysis is motivated by observing the interplay between the economic and demographic transition that has occurred in the developed world over the past 150 years. To the extent that high growth rates in the past have partly been the consequence of...

Theories of economic growth hypothesize that the transition from pre-industrial stagnation to sustained growth is associated with a post-Malthusian phase in which technological progress raises income and spurs population growth while offsetting diminishing returns to labor. Evidence suggests that England was characterized by post-Malthusian dynamics preceding the Industrial Revolution. However,...

This paper scrutinizes the recently postulated link between the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) and economic success. A metastudy of the historical demography literature shows that the EMP did not prevail throughout Europe, its three key components did not always coincide, and its more extreme manifestations were associated with economic stagnation rather than growth. There is no evidence that ...