Legislators in many countries enact security breach notification regulation to address a lack of information security. The laws designate authorities to collect breach reports and advise firms. We devise a principal–agent model to analyze the economic effect of mandatory security breach reporting to authorities. The model assumes that firms (agents) have few incentives to unilaterally report br...

This article uses a two-period version of the standard economic model of deterrence to study whether sanctions should depend on an individual’s record of prior convictions—his offense history. The principal contribution of the article is to demonstrate that it may be optimal to treat repeat offenders disadvantageously because such a policy serves to enhance deterrence: When an individual contem...

In this article we incorporate notions of the fairness of sanctions into the standard model of public enforcement. When both the probability and magnitude of sanctions may be varied, the usual solution involves a very high sanction and a relatively low probability of enforcement if individuals are risk neutral. When the issue of fairness is added to the analysis, the optimal sanction generally ...

Sanction lists as published by national and supranational organizations contain details on sanctioned entities. Those lists have to be obeyed in order to avoid legal implications. Yet, sanction lists are of very low information quality. Nevertheless, regulatory compliance demands, that organizations check their customer master data against sanction lists. We analyze sanction lists in this contr...

OBJECTIVE To study the infant mortality rate (IMR) trend during wars and sanction periods in Western Iraq. METHODS Data collected from the birth and death certificates of Haditha Health Vital Statistics Center, Haditha city (80,000 population), Western Iraq, included name, age, gender, residence, and infant's place and date of births and deaths, in 5 different sanction and war stages of the c...

Transitioning to a new model of economic growth during transformation and sanctions risks is challenging. Such change requires effective decisionmaking management strategic business zone portfolios evaluating proposed organizational pivots. This article discusses the internal external impacts possible on metallurgical enterprise activities. Based data obtained, we identify threats that need be ...

This article develops an economic theory of expressive law. By expressing social values, law can tip a system of social norms into a new equilibrium. This process can create or destroy a social norm without changing individual values. In addition, law can change the individual values of rational people. Internalizing a social norm is a moral commitment that attaches a psychological penalty to a...