To maximize herd profits, dairy farmers are faced with the complex dilemma of minimizing costs that are associated with rearing heifers while ensuring or enhancing lifetime economic productivity. Decisions about heifer management interact with underlying biological aspects of growth, thereby influencing future profitability. A thorough understanding of these biological interactions is lacking. ...

The first part of this paper provides a broad evaluation of the performance of the Indian economy (including cross country comparisons) and highlights the economic crisis faced by India in June, 1991. This crisis proved to be a turning point for the economy, providing the impetus for the initiation of revolutionary though studied and pragmatic economic reforms by the then Congress government. A...

policy-oriented research on the impact on poverty of macroeconomic policies (fiscal, monetary and exchange-rate policies) and adjustment policies (financial liberalization, trade liberalization, and privatisation/de-regulation). In evaluating this impact, the research also identifies complementary policies that can enhance the impact on poverty of macroeconomic and adjustment policies. This pap...

The Working Group on Development and Environment in the Americas, founded in 2004, brings together researchers from several countries in the Americas who have carried out empirical studies of the social and environmental impacts of economic integration. The goal of the Working Group Project is to contribute empirical research and policy analysis to the ongoing policy debates on national economi...

This paper is about the two-way causal relationships between the global food system and health and nutrition. It argues that the global food system begins and ends with health and that the prioritization and implementation of agricultural research and policy should consider health and nutrition effects. An integrated health and food policy approach is likely to be more effective in achieving bo...

Along with its economic reform, China has experienced a rapid urbanization. This study mapped urban land expansion in China using high-resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper data of 1989/1990, 1995/1996 and 1999/2000 and analyzed its expansion modes and the driving forces underlying this process during 1990-2000. Our results show that China's urban land increased by 817...

J apan registered a remarkable 6.5 percent rate of economic growth from 1955 to 1990, catching up with high-income western countries in its level of economic development. During the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and into the 1980s, Japan’s share of world exports rose dramatically, from 2.9 percent in 1960 to 6.1 percent in 1970, 8.2 percent in 1980, and a peak of 9.8 percent in 1985 (Porter, Takeuchi and...

Verification of restoration policies that have been implemented is of significance to simultaneously reduce global environmental risks while also meeting economic development goals. This paper proposed a novel method according to the idea of multiple time scales to verify ecological restoration policies in the Shiyang River drainage basin, arid China. We integrated modern pollen transport chara...

Low-tech industries, usually defined as industries with a low R&D component, constitute an essential part of the economy in several countries. Providing knowledge on how these industries may sustain economic growth and welfare in the future, therefore represent a key policy issue. In this article a network approach to technical change is applied. The socio-economic trajectory followed by one of...

This paper assesses the limitations of monetary and fiscal policies for establishing long-term growth trajectories and instead proposes a technology-based economic strategy targeted at long-term growth in productivity. The model expands the original Schumpeterian concept of technology as the long-term driver of economic growth where technology is characterized as a homogeneous entity developed ...