This study investigates the relationship between access to domestic and international communication economic development. It does so by constructing two indices of linguistic distance, international, capturing language acquisition costs, which are higher when acquiring linguistically more distant languages. The distance index captures constraints among speakers different mother tongues within a...

Linguistic distance, i.e. the dissimilarity between languages, is an important factor infl uencing international economic transactions such as migration or international trade fl ows by imposing hurdles for second language acquisition and increasing transaction costs. To measure these costs, we suggest to use a new measure of linguistic distance. The Levenshtein distance is an easily computed a...

Linguistic distance, i.e. the dissimilarity between languages, is an important factor infl uencing international economic transactions such as migration or international trade fl ows by imposing hurdles for second language acquisition and increasing transaction costs. To measure these costs, we suggest to use a new measure of linguistic distance. The Levenshtein distance is an easily computed a...

to study the effect of planting pattern and water quantity on potato yields under drip irrigation, this research was conducted using a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in three regions (mashhad, ardebil and damavand, iran) during 2003-2004. nine treatments were used. the main-plots were three levels of irrigation: 100%(i1), 80%(i2), and 60%(i3) of cr...

We develop a conceptual framework for valuing biodiversity from an economic perspective. We argue for a dynamic economic welfare measure of biodiversity that complements the literature on beneŽ t-cost approaches and genetic distance/phylogenic tree approaches. Using a uniŽ ed model of optimal economic management of an ecosystem under ecological and genetic constraints, we identify gains from ma...