We attempt to establish, in the present paper, comparisons between 3 classes of Echinodermata (Asterids, Ophuirids, Crinoïds) out 5 classes, at level genomes. Mainly we compare IGKappa genes these which belong Invertebrates. The Ophuirid gene from Ophiocomina nigra seems be most evolved, terms immune functions, when compared two other ones.

Elgaecrinus uralicus gen. et sp. nov. (Crotalocrinitidae, Crinoidea, Echinodermata), a reef-dwelling crinoid, is described from the Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) of the western slope of the Middle Urals. The arms of the new species are laterally fused in each radius and represent, as in the similar genus Crotalocrinites, uniform semi-mobile plates surrounding the central cavity above the oral sur...

Echinoderms (sea urchins, sea stars, brittle stars, sea lilies and sea cucumbers) are a group of diverse organisms, second in number within deuterostome species to only the chordates. Echinoderms serve as excellent model systems for developmental biology due to their diverse developmental mechanisms, tractable laboratory use, and close phylogenetic distance to chordates. In addition, echinoderm...

We describe "universal" DNA primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 710-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from 11 invertebrate phyla: Echinodermata, Mollusca, Annelida, Pogonophora, Arthropoda, Nemertinea, Echiura, Sipuncula, Platyhelminthes, Tardigrada, and Coelenterata, as well as the putative phylum Vestimentifera. Preliminary c...

Molecular evolutionary rates within two protistan and three metazoan taxa were estimated using divergence times derived from fossil records. The results indicate that the small-subunit rRNA sequences within Dasycladales (Chlorophyta) and Bacillariophyceae evolved at a rate approximately two to three times faster than that estimated within Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Actinistia-Tetrapoda. It wa...

The SALMFamides are a family of neuropeptides found in species belonging to the phylum Echinodermata and which act as muscle relaxants. The first two members of this family to be identified were both isolated from the starfishes Asterias rubens and Asterias forbesi and are known as S1 (GFNSALMFamide) and S2 (SGPYSFNSGLTFamide). However, little is known about the occurrence and characteristics o...