there are a good number of historical verses in the holy quran which relate to circumstances of descending ere as well as events occurred in early islam whose understanding is in need of reference to history, especially that of early islam. that is why consideration of history of early islam is of great necessity and importance in the quranic exegesis. in fact, knowledge of events occurred in e...

khoy, one of the major cities in the west azarbaijan province is known for its nature, military, border positions, proximity to the silk road, including many different cultures and overall is one of the important settlements in the area. this essay investigates khoy city’s expansion, from early islam until late qajar (fourth - fourteenth century) according to historical documents. this article ...

musa¦ ibn `oqba is one of the biographers who, along with ibn isha¦q, has a significant contribution to the recording of the prophet's life style (sira) and the early battles led by him. however, his book of the accounts of the prophet's early battles (maqa¦zi) was badly damaged with the passage of time and the reasons have not been so clear uptonow. due to its antiquity, the book was...

Hostility towards a population, whether on religious, ethnic, cultural or socioeconomic grounds, confronts rulers with a trade-off between taking advantage of population members’ eagerness to maintain their identity and inducing them to “comply” (conversion, quit, exodus or any other way of pleasing the hostile rulers). This paper first analyzes the rulers’ optimal mix of discriminatory and non...

Recently, a number of methods have been proposed to improve image retrieval accuracy by capturing context information. These methods try to compensate for the fact that a visually less similar image might be more relevant because it depicts the same object. We propose a new quick method for refining any pairwise distance metric, it works by iteratively discovering the object in the image from t...

islam, christianity and judaism belong to the same family and are named semitic religions. regarding to this similarity, it is very important to survey the situation of christianity and the range of influence in the arabian peninsula in particular western part and hedjaz contemporaneous the rise of islam. this survey helps to more understanding of the events of early islam, particularly interac...

The Islamic world of preand early medieval Spain has elicited the interest of many religious and secular scholars because of the peaceful coexistence by diverse ethnic and religious communities. The Moorish presence in Spain is still a subject of debate. Was Islam beneficial to Spain? What course would history have taken without the Muslim presence? What are the lingering results of Spain’s rel...

Zhahirul Islam, Alex van Belkum, Alison J. Cody, Helen Tabor, Bart C. Jacobs, Kaisar A. Talukder, and Hubert P. Endtz Author affiliations: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Z. Islam, K.A. Talukder, H.P. Endtz); Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Z. Islam, A. van Belkum, H.P. Endtz, B.C. Jacobs); University of Oxfo...

This article explores how Islamic values influence management and business practice in Morocco with a view to a new understanding of how one of the global, socio-political tides of the early twenty-first century is now beginning to make itself felt commercially. An interpretivist approach, coupled with access to a rich and hitherto inaccessible mix of diverse and highly placed participants, all...

The expansion of Islam east of the Middle East has been, apart from a few notable exceptions, a relatively understudied subject. This is especially remarkable when one recalls that, by far, the world's greatest number of Muslims reside east of Karachi. The reasons for this neglect of scholarship, however, are not far to find. First is the identification of the Arab Middle East with the historic...