Cells expressing doublecortin (DCX+) occur at cortical layer II, predominantly over the paleocortex in mice/rats, but also across the neocortex among larger mammals. Here, we explored the time of origin of these cells in neonatal and 2-month-old guinea pigs following prenatal BrdU pulse-chasing. In the neocortex, BrdU+ cells birth-dated at embryonic day 21 (E21), E28, and E35 laminated over the...

The ability of nerve cords and spinal cords to exhibit fictive rhythmic locomotion in the absence of the brain is well-documented in numerous species. Although the brain is important for modulating the fictive motor output, it is broadly assumed that the functional properties of neuronal circuits identified in simplified preparations are conserved with the brain attached. We tested this assumpt...

Article history: Accepted 17 January 2014 Available online 15 February 2014 JEL classification: C62 E21 E22

The generation and development of muscle cells in the IVth hindlimb lumbrical muscle of the rat was studied following total or partial denervation. Denervation was carried out by injection of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BTX), a neurotoxin which binds to and destroys peripheral nerves. Primary myotubes were generated in denervated muscles and reached their normal stable number on embryonic day 17 (E...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the role of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11HSD1 and 11HSD2) in determining the fetal concentration of glucocorticoids. METHODS The expression patterns for mRNA abundance, protein level, and enzyme activities of placental and fetal 11HSD1 and 11HSD2 were assessed from embryonic day 13 (E13) to day 21 (E21; term E22). The transpl...

Article history: Received 2 July 2007 Revised 16 September 2008 Available online 26 September 2008 JEL classification: E21 E25 E62

Article history: Received 4 March 2010 Revised 5 September 2012 Available online 11 September 2012 JEL classification: E21 I38 D52

Fetal repair of myelomeningocele (MMC) has been proven to be beneficial for the central nervous system development; however, the effect of fetal MMC repair on bladder function remains controversial. The objective of the present study was to establish an early timepoint for in utero MMC repair using a rat model, and to investigate the changes in bladder development subsequent to that interventio...

The E21 intelligent environment is a 6.4 m by 3.6 m conference room located at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Figure 1). The room is augmented with a variety of media input and output devices, including backroom computers, a DVD player, LCD projectors, and Mimio1 digital whiteboards. The space is flexibly reconfigurable in software, enabling devices to be turned on and off, and aud...